History                                   Regions                                      Topics

NINETEENTH CENTURY THOUGHT (c.1785 - c.1900)
AMERICAN TRANSCENDENTALISM
PROTO-EXISTENTIALISM
POSITIVISM

SUB-PAGES

• Definitions

Schools of Thought:

• Existentialism
• German Idealism
• Marxism
• Pragmatism

Topics:

• Romantic Hermeneutics, Literature, Literary Theory, Philology, and Rhetoric (c.1785 - c.1830)

• 'Victorian (Mid-Nineteenth Century and Fin-de-Siecle) Hermeneutics, Literature, Literary Theory, Philology, and Rhetoric (c.1830 - c.1900)

Feminist:

• 19th Century Feminist Thought / Feminist Perspectives on 19th Century Thought

Post-colonial:

• 19th Century Non-Western Thought / Post-colonial Perspectives on 19th Century Thought

ASSOCIATIONS

• General:

  • Interdisciplinary Nineteenth Century Studies Association (INCS)

  • Nineteenth-Century Studies Association (NCSA)

• Schools of Thought:

  •  

• Topics:

  • Communication:

  • Education:

  • History:

  • Human Being:

  • Knowledge:

  • Morality:

  • Nature:

  • Philosophy/Theory:

  • Religion:

  • Society:

CONFERENCES

2010:

2009:

2008:

2007:

• Minds, Bodies, Machines in the Long Nineteenth Century, Centre for Nineteenth-Century Studies, Birbeck College, University of London, July 6-7

• 'Up to Date with a Vengeance': Nineteenth Century Science, Technology and Media, 22nd Annual Conference, Interdisciplinary Nineteenth-Century Studies, University of Missouri, Kansas City, April 19-21

• Race and Ethnicity in the Nineteenth Century, 28th Annual Conference, Nineteenth-Century Studies Association (NCSA), Susquehanna University, March 8-10

2006:

• The History of the Transcendental Turn, Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism Project, Senate House, London, September 29-30

• The Concept of the Unconscious in Nineteenth-Century German Thought, Institute of Germanic and Romance Studies, University of London, September 21-22

• Scientia and Techne, Joint Annual Conference, NASSR-NAVSA, Purdue University, August 31-September 3

• Transnational England, 1750-1850, Faculty of English, University of Oxford, July 28

• Conflicts, 21st Annual Conference, Interdisciplinary Nineteenth-Century Studies, Department of English, University of Rutgers, March 31-April 1

• Electrifying Experimentation: Science in Nineteenth-Century Britain, Departments of English Literature and Philosophy, in association with and supported by the British Society for the Philosophy of Science and the Centre for Nineteenth-Century Studies, February 25

2005:

• Impurities, 20th Annual Conference, Interdisciplinary Nineteenth-Century Studies, Louisiana State University, April 21-24

2004:

• Serious Pleasures, 19th Annual Conference, Interdisciplinary Nineteenth-Century Studies, University of Iowa, April 1-4

2003:

• Nineteenth Century Worlds: Local / Global, 18th Annual Conference, Interdisciplinary Nineteenth-Century Studies, University of Notre Dame London Centre, July 10-12, 2003

• Slippery Words: the Historical Semantics of the Period 1760-1830, University of Glamorgan, July 8-9

• 1830 - 1848: the End of Metaphysics as a Transformation of Culture, Department of Philosophy, University of Antwerp, May 26-27, 2003

• Moving Forward, Looking Back: Thinking about Progress, 1800-1850, Senate House, University of London, April 4-5

2002:

2001:

2000:

Annual:

COURSES

• General:

  • University of Arizona: Nineteenth Century Philosophy (Bernstein)
  • University of California, Davis: Nineteenth Century Philosophy (Mattey)

  • California State University, Dominguez Hills: History of 19th Century European Philosophy (Shimomissé)

  • University of Chicago: German Romanticism: Literature, Philosophy, Science (Richards)

  • Concordia University: Kant and 19th Century German Philosophy (Zeman)

  • Dalhousie University: Nineteenth Century Philosophy (Burns)

  • Earlham University: Nineteenth Century Continental Philosophy (Guven)

  • University of Georgia: Nineteenth Century Philosophy (Brient)

  • Grinnell College: Nineteenth Century Continental Philosophy (Alan Schrift)

  • Kalamazoo College: Nineteenth Century Philosophy: 2003 / 2004 (Latiolais)
  • University of Kansas: Themes in Post-Kantian Continental Philosophy (Maybee)
  • Kent State University: Nineteenth-Century Philosophy (Various)
  • Lewis and Clark University: Nineteenth Century Philosophy: 1999 / 2002 / 2003 (Fritzman)
  • Manchester College: Nineteenth Century Philosophy (Naragon)
  • Michigan State University: Nineteenth Century Philosophy (Hollander)
  • North Eastern Illinois University: Nineteenth-Century Continental Philosophy (Vessey)
  • Southern Connecticut State University: Nineteenth Century Philosophy (Gilliland)
  • Texas A & M University: Nineteenth Century Philosophy (George): 2003 / 2007
  • William Paterson University: Nineteenth Century (Steinhart)

• Schools of Thought:

  • American Transcendentalism:

    • Brock University: The Beginnings of Existentialism (Brown)
    • University of Pennsylvania: Schopenhauer and Nietzsche (Bowman)

  • Proto-Existentialism:

    •  

  • Positivism:

    •  

• Topics:

  • Communication:

  • Education:

  • History:

  • Human Being:

  • Knowledge:

  • Morality:

  • Nature:

  • Philosophy/Theory:

  • Religion:

  • Society:

JOURNALS

• General:

  • Nineteenth Century Contexts

• Schools of Thought:

  • American Transcendentalism:

  • Proto-Existentialism:

    •  

  • Positivism:

    •  

• Topics:

  • Communication:

  • Education:

  • History:

  • Human Being:

  • Knowledge:

  • Morality:

  • Nature:

  • Philosophy/Theory:

  • Religion:

  • Society:

PERSONS

In Chronological Order:

• Early Modern Precursors:

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)

  • Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)

  • Edmund Burke (1729 - 1797)

  • Johann Georg Hamann (1730 - 1788)

  • Johann Gottfried Herder (1744 - 1803)

• Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832)

• Joseph de Maistre (1753 - 1821)

• Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald (1754 - 1840)

• William Godwin (1756 - 1836)

• Wilhelm Humboldt (1767 - 1835)

• Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768 - 1834)

• Novalis [Friedrich Leopold von Hardenberg] (1772 - 1801)

• James Mill (1773 - 1836)

• Heinrich von Kleist (1777 - 1811)

• Georg Anton Friedrich Ast (1778 - 1841)

• Carl von Clausewitz (1780 - 1831)

• August Philip Böckh (1785 - 1867)

• William Whewell (1794 - 1866)

• Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857)

• Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)

• John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)

• Johann Gustav Droysen (1808 - 1884)

• Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

• Soren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855)

• Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862)

• Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) (see also Marxism)

• Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895) (see also Marxism)

• Herbert Spencer (1820 - 1903)

• Hermann Helmholtz (1821 - 1894)

• Francis Galton (1822 - 1911)

• Friedrich Max Muller (1823 - 1900)

• Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920)

• Wilhelm Dilthey (1833 - 1911)

• Henry Sidgwick (1838 - 1900)

• Ernst Mach (1838 - 1916)

• Charles Sanders Peirce (1839 - 1914) (see also Pragmatism)
• William James (1842 - 1910) (see also Pragmatism)

• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)

• Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 – 1909)

• John Dewey (1859 - 1952) (see also Pragmatism)

By Nationality:

• Denmark:

  • Soren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855)

• Eire:

• France:

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778) (see also Early Modern Thought)

  • Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857)

• Germany:

  • Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) (see also Early Modern Thought)

  • Johann Georg Hamann (1730 - 1788) (see also Early Modern Thought)

  • Johann Gottfried Herder (1744 - 1803) (see also Early Modern Thought)

  • Wilhelm Humboldt (1767 - 1835)

  • Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768 - 1834)

  • Novalis [Friedrich Leopold von Hardenberg] (1772 - 1801)

  • Georg Anton Friedrich Ast (1778 - 1841)

  • Carl von Clausewitz (1780 - 1831)

  • August Philip Böckh (1785 - 1867)

  • Johann Gustav Droysen (1808 - 1884)

  • Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) (see also Marxism)

  • Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895) (see also Marxism)

  • Hermann Helmholtz (1821 - 1894)

  • Friedrich Max Muller (1823 - 1900)

  • Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920)

  • Wilhelm Dilthey (1833 - 1911)

  • Ernst Mach (1838 - 1916)

  • Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)

  • Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 – 1909)

• Italy:
• Russia:
• Spain:
• UK:

  • Edmund Burke (1729 - 1797) (see also Early Modern Thought)

  • Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832)

  • William Godwin (1756 - 1836)

  • James Mill (1773 - 1836)

  • William Whewell (1794 - 1866)

  • John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)

  • Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

  • Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

  • Francis Galton (1822 - 1911)

  • Henry Sidgwick (1838 - 1900)

• USA:

  • Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)

  • Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862)

  • William James (1842 - 1910) (see also Pragmatism)

By School of Thought:

• American Transcendentalists:
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)
  • Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862)
• Proto-Existentialists:
  • Soren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855)
  • Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)
• Positivists:
  • Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857)

SOURCES: PRIMARY

Off-Line:

• Anthologies:

  • General:

    • Baird, Forrest, and Walter Kaufmann, eds.  Nineteenth Century Philosophy.  4th Ed.  Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2003.

    • Gardiner, Patrick L., ed.  Nineteenth Century Philosophy.  New York: Free Press, 1969.

  • Schools of Thought:

    • American Transcendentalism:

      • Buell, Lawrence, ed.  The American Transcendentalists: Essential Writings.  New York: Modern Library, 2006.

    • Proto-Existentinalism:

    • Positivism:

  • Topics:

    • Communication:

      • Lehmann, Winfred P, ed. and trans.  A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics.  Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1967.

    • Education:

    • History:

    • Human Being:

    • Knowledge:

      •  

    • Morality:

      •  

    • Nature:

      •  

    • Philosophy/Theory:

    • Religion:

      •  

    • Society:

      • Golby, J. M., ed.  Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890: a Source Book of Contemporary Writings.  Oxford: OUP, 1991.

• Selected Individual Works:

  • General:

  • Schools of Thought:

    • American Transcendentalism:

    • Proto-Existentialism:

    • Positivism:

  • Topics:

    • Communication:

    • Education:

    • History:

    • Human Being:

    • Knowledge:

    • Morality:

    • Nature:

    • Philosophy/Theory:

    • Religion:

    • Society:

On-Line:

• General:

• Schools of Thought:

  • American Transcendentalism:

  • Proto-Existentialism:

  • Positivism:

• Topics:

  • Communication:

  • Education:

  • History:

  • Human Being:

  • Knowledge:

  • Morality:

  • Nature:

  • Philosophy/Theory:

  • Religion:

  • Society:

SOURCES: SECONDARY

Off-Line:

• Anthologies:

  • Socio-Historical Context:

  • General:

    • Claeys, Gregory, ed.  Encyclopaedia of Nineteenth Century Thought.  London: Routledge, 2007.

    • Rajan, Tilottama, and David L. Clark, eds.  Intersections: Nineteenth Century Philosophy and Contemporary Theory.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1995.

    • Scruton, Roger, Peter Singer, Christopher Janaway, and Michael Tanner.  German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche.  Oxford: OUP, 2001.

    • Ten, C. L., ed.  The Nineteenth Century.  Vol. 7 of Routledge History of Philosophy.  London: Routledge, 1994.

    • Waller, Bruce, ed.  Themes in European History, 1830-1890.  London: Routledge, .

  • Schools of Thought:

    • American Transcendentalism:

    • Proto-Existentialism:

    • Positivism:

  • Topics:

    • Communication:

      • Posner, R., and J. N. Green, eds.  Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology.  2 Vols.  The Hague: Mouton, 1981.

    • Education:

    • History:

    • Human Being:

      • Body:

      • Mind:

        • Levine, George, ed.  The Emergence of Victorian Consciousness.  New York: Free Press, 1967.

      • Self:

        • Ameriks, Karl, and Dieter Sturma, eds.  The Modern Subject: Conceptions of the Self in Classical German Philosophy.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1995.

        • Klemm, David E., and Gunter Zoller, eds.  Figuring the Self: Subject, Absolute, and Others in Classical German Philosophy.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.

      • Sexuality:

    • Knowledge:

    • Morality:

    • Nature:

    • Philosophy/Theory:

    • Religion:

    • Society:

      • Butler, Marilyn, ed.  Burke, Paine, Godwin and the Revolution Controversy.  Cambridge: CUP, 1984.
      • John, Juliet, et al., eds.  Rethinking Victorian Culture. 

• Selected Individual Works:

  • Socio-Historical Context:

    • Thompson, E. P.  The Making of the English Working Class.  1963.

  • General:

    • Ashton, Rosemary.  The German Idea: Four English Writers and the Reception of German Thought, 1800-1860.  Rpt. Libris, 1994.

    • Copleston, Frederick C.  Modern Philosophy: from the French Revolution to Sartre, Camus, and Levi-Strauss.  Vol. 9 of A History of Philosophy.  New York: Newman, 1974.
    • Copleston, Frederick C.  Modern Philosophy: Empiricism, Idealism, and Pragmatism in Britain and America.  Vol. 8 of A History of Philosophy.  New York: Newman, 1966.
    • Kenny, Anthony.  Philosophy in the Modern World.  Vol. 4 of A New History of Western Philosophy.  Oxford: OUP, 2007.

    • Lowith, Karl.  Von Hegel zu Nietzsche: der revolutionare Bruch im Denken des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.  Zurich: Europa, 1941.

      • From Hegel to Nietzsche: the Revolution in Nineteenth Century Thought.  Trans. David E. Green.  New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, 1964.  Rpt. 1991.

    • Mandelbaum, Maurice.  History, Man and Reason: a Study in Nineteenth-Century Thought.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1971.

    • Schnaedelbach, H.  German Philosophy, 1831-1933.  Cambridge: CUP, 1983.

    • Skorupski, John.  English-Language Philosophy, 1750-1945.  Vol. 6 of Oxford History of Philosophy.  Oxford: OUP, 1993.

    • Stromberg, Roland.  European Intellectual History since 1789.  Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966.
    • Willey, Basil.  More Nineteenth Century Studies: a Group of Honest Doubters.  London: Chatto and Windus, 1956.
    • Willey, Basil.  Nineteenth Century Studies: Coleridge to Matthew Arnold.  New York: Columbia UP, 1949.

    • Historicism:

      • Hamilton, Paul.  Historicism.  London: Routledge, 1996.

      • Mandelbaum, Maurice.  History, Man and Reason: a Study in Nineteenth-Century Thought.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1971.

      • Meinecke, Friedrich.  Die Enstehung der Historimus.  2 Vols.  Munich: Oldenbourg, 1936.

        • Historicism: the Rise of a New Historical Outlook.  Trans. J. E. Anderson.  New York: Herder & Herder, 1972.

      • Popper, Karl.  The Poverty of Historicism.  London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1957.

      • Troeltsch, Ernst.  Der Historimus und Seine Probleme.  Tubingen: Mohr, 1922.

  • Schools of Thought:

    • American Transcendentalism:

      • Buell, Lawrence.  New England Literary Culture: from Revolution through Renaissance.  Cambridge: CUP, 1986.

      • Buell, Lawrence.  Literary Transcendentalism: Style and Vision in the American Renaissance.  Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1973.

      • Rose, Anne C.  Transcendentalism as a Social Movement, 1830-1850.  New Haven: Yale UP, 1981.

    • Proto-Existentialism:

      • Lowith, Karl.  Von Hegel zu Nietzsche: der revolutionare Bruch im Denken des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.  Zurich: Europa, 1941.

        • From Hegel to Nietzsche: the Revolution in Nineteenth Century Thought.  Trans. David E. Green.  New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, 1964.  Rpt. 1991.

      • Solomon, Robert C.  From Rationalism to Existentialism.  Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.

      • Solomon, Robert C.  From Hegel to Existentialism.  Oxford: OUP, 1987. 

      • West, David.  "Beyond Theory: Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Existentialism."  An Introduction to Continental Philosophy.  Cambridge: Polity, 1996.  117-153.

    • Positivism:

      • Charlton, D. G.  Positivist Thought in France, 1852-1870.  Oxford: OUP, 1959.

  • Topics:

    • Communication:

      • Aarsleff, Hans.  The Study of Language in England, 1780-1860.  Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1983.

      • Bleicher, Josef.  "The Rise of Classical Hermeneutics."  Contemporary Hermeneutics: Hermeneutics as Method, Philosophy and Critique.  London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.  11-26.

      • Esterhammer, Angela.  The Romantic Performative: Language and Action in British and German Romanticism.  Stanford: Stanford UP, 2000.

      • Grondin, Jean.  Einfuhrung in die philosophische Hermeneutik.  Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991. 

        • "The Post-Kantian Transition from the Enlightenment to Romanticism: Ast and Schlegel."  Introduction to Philosophical Hermeneutics.  Trans. Joel Weinsheimer.  New Haven: Yale UP, 1994.  63-67.

      • Hall, R. A.  Idealism in Romance Linguistics.  Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1963.

      • Iordan, I.  An Introduction to Romance Linguistics, its Schools and Scholars.  Lonon: Methuen, 1937.

      • Keach, William.  "Romanticism and Language." Cambridge Companion to British Romanticism.  Ed. Stuart Curran.  Cambridge: CUP, 1993.  95-119.

      • Leventhal, Robert S.  The Disciplines of Interpretation: Lessing, Herder, Schlegel and Hermeneutics in Germany, 1750-1800.  Berlin: De Gruyter, 1994.

      • Robins, R. H.  "Comparative and Historical Linguistics in the Nineteenth Century."  A Short History of Linguistics.  New York: Longman, 1967.  4th Ed. 1997.  189-221.

      • Smith, Olivia.  The Politics of Language, 1791- 1819.

      • Stillwell, John.  "Logic and the Philosophy of Mathematics in the Nineteenth Century."  The Nineteenth Century.  Ed. C. L. Ten.  Vol. 7 of Routledge History of Philosophy.  London: Routledge, 1994.  242-271.

      • Terezakis, Katie.  The Immanent Word: the Turn to Language in German Philosophy, 1759-1801.  London: Routledge, 2007.

      • Todorov, Tzvetan.  "The Romantic Crisis."  Theories of the Symbol.  Trans. Catherine Porter.  Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1982.  147-221.

    • Education:

    • History:

    • Human Being:

      • Body:

      • Mind:

        • Chadwick, Owen.  The Secularisation of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century.  Cambridge: CUP, 1990.

        • Faflak, Joel.  Romantic Psychoanalysis: the Burden of the Mystery.  Albany: SUNY Press, 2009.

        • Reed, Edward S.  "The Separation of Psychology from Philosophy: Study in the Sciences of the Mind, 1815-1879."  The Nineteenth Century.  Ed. C. L. Ten.  Vol. 7 of Routledge History of Philosophy.  London: Routledge, 1994.  297-356.

      • Self:

        • Goldstein, Jan.  The Post-Revolutionary Self: Politics and Psyche in France, 1750-1850.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2005.

      • Sexuality:

        • Dowling, Linda.  Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford.

    • Knowledge:

      • Schlutz, Alexander.  Mind's World: Imagination and Subjectivity from Descartes to Romanticism.  Seattle: U of Washington P, 2009.

    • Morality:

    • Nature:

      • Hattiangadi, Jagdish.  "Philosophy of Biology in the Nineteenth Century."  The Nineteenth Century.  Ed. C. L. Ten.  Vol. 7 of Routledge History of Philosophy.  London: Routledge, 1994.  272-296.

      • Holmes, Richard.  The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science.  New York: Pantheon, 2009.

    • Philosophy/Theory:

    • Religion:

      • Di Giovanni, George.  Freedom and Religion in Kant and his Immediate Successors: the Vocation of Humankind, 1774-1800.  Cambridge: CUP, 2005.

    • Society:

      • Haddock, B. A.  "Shifting Patterns of Political Thought and Action: Liberalism, Nationalism, Socialism."  Themes in European History, 1830-1890.  Ed. Bruce Waller.  London: Routledge, .  213-231.

On-Line:

• Socio-Historical Context:
  • Wikipedia Encyclopedia:
    • 19th Century: the Long Nineteenth Century
    • Industrial Revolution

• General:

  • Mickelsen, Carl:  Timeline of Nineteenth Century Philosophy
  • Shimomisse, Eiichi: History of 19th Century European Philosophy
  • Wikipedia Encyclopedia: 19th Century Philosophy

• Schools of Thought:

  • American Transcendentalism:

    • Goodman, Russell: Transcendentalism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

    • Wikipedia Encyclopedia: Transcendentalism

  • Proto-Existentialism:

  • Positivism:

    • Simon, Walter: Positivism in Europe to 1900 (Dictionary of the History of Ideas)

• Topics:

  • Communication:

  • Education:

  • History:

  • Human Being:

  • Knowledge:

  • Morality:

  • Nature:

    • Kirsch, Adam: What's Romantic about Science?  When Science Became a Source of Sublime Terror Slate Magazine July 20, 2009

  • Philosophy/Theory:

  • Religion:

  • Society:

UNIVERSITY PROGRAMMES / RESEARCH CENTRES / RESEARCH PROJECTS

Europe:

• UK:

  • University of Essex: Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism Project

  • University of London, Birbeck College: Centre for Nineteenth-Century Studies

  • University of Sheffield: Centre for Nineteenth Century Studies

WWW GATEWAYS

• Socio-Historical Context:

• General:

• Schools of Thought:

  • American Transcendentalism:

    • American Transcendentalism Web

    • Lewis, Jone Johnson: The Transcendentalists

  • Proto-Existentialism:

  • Positivism:

• Topics:

  • Communication:

  • Education:

  • History:

  • Human Being:

  • Knowledge:

  • Morality:

  • Nature:

  • Philosophy/Theory:

  • Religion:

  • Society:

PHILWEB was last updated: October 15, 2009

PHILWEB is edited by Richard L. W. Clarke

Please direct all queries HERE

This site will always be a work in progress as a result of which pages will be found at various stages of completion.