ROMANTICISM (c.1785 - c.1830)
(AMERICAN TRANSCENDENTALISM / PROTO-EXISTENTIALISM / GERMAN IDEALISM)

SUB-PAGES

Topics:

• Romantic Literature

Feminist:

• 19th Century Feminist Thought / Feminist Perspectives on 19th Century Thought

Post-colonial:

• 19th Century Non-Western Thought / Post-colonial Perspectives on 19th Century Thought

ASSOCIATIONS

• British Association for Romantic Studies

• Society for German Idealism
• International Conference on Romanticism (formerly American Conference on Romanticism)
• North American Society for the Study of Romanticism (NASSR)

CONFERENCES

2009:

• Breaking Boundaries: 1790s in Germany, Britain and France, Institute for Germanic and Romance Studies, University of London, April 22-24

2008:

• The Work of Romanticism, International Conference on Romanticism, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, October 16-19
• Annual Meeting, Society for German Idealism, APA Pacific Division, March 18-23

2007:

• Emancipation, Liberation, Freedom, Joint NASSR / BARS conference, Centre for Romantic Studies, Department of English, University of Bristol, July 26-29
• Annual Meeting, Society for German Idealism, APA Pacific Division, April 4 and 7
• Transcendental Idealism Workshop, Essex Transcendental Philosophy and Naturalism Project, Institute of Philosophy, University of London, March 16-17
• German Idealism and Normativity, School of Philosophy, University College Dublin, March 14-15

2006:

• Engaged Romanticism: Romanticism as Praxis, International Conference on Romanticism, Arizona State University, November 9-12

• Scientia and Techne, Joint Annual Conference, NASSR-NAVSA, Purdue University, August 31-September 3

• Romanticism, Environment, Crisis, Centre for Romantic Studies, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, June 23-27

• Annual Meeting, Society for German Idealism, APA Pacific Division, San Francisco, April 3-8

2005:

• Annual Meeting, Society for German Idealism, APA Pacific Division, March 23-27

2004:

• Debatable Lands, Biennial Conference, British Association for Romantic Studies, University of Newcastle, July 28-31

• Annual Meeting, Society for German Idealism, APA Pacific Division, March 24-28

• F. H. Jacobi and the Formation of German Idealism, Philosophy Programme, School of Advanced Study, University of London, March 5

2003:

• Romantic Border Crossings, International Conference on Romanticism, Laredo, Texas, October 14-17

• Romantic Cosmopolitanism, 12th Annual Conference, North American Society for Romanticism, University of Colorado, Boulder, September 9-12

• Romanticism, History, Historicism, Department of English, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, June 18-22

• Annual Meeting, Society for German Idealism, APA Pacific Division, March 27

2002:

• Romantic Orientalism, Department of English, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, July 12-15

2001:

2000:

Annual:

• Annual Conference, British Association for Romantic Studies
• International Conference on Romanticism

COURSES

• University of Chicago: German Romanticism: Literature, Philosophy, Science (Richards)

• Concordia University: Kant and 19th Century German Philosophy (Zeman)

• Earlham University: Nineteenth Century Continental Philosophy (Guven)

• University of Kansas: Themes in Post-Kantian Continental Philosophy (Maybee)

• University of London: German Idealism (Gardner)

• Monash University: Romanticism and Revolution (Ackland)
• University of New Mexico: Studies in British Romanticism (Harrison)
• North Eastern Illinois University: Nineteenth-Century Continental Philosophy (Vessey)
• University of Strathclyde: Romanticism (Furniss)
• University of Texas, Austin: European Romanticism: 1996 / 2004 (Arens)

• Yale University: German Idealism (Kreines)

American Transcendentalism:

Proto-Existentialism:

• Brock University: The Beginnings of Existentialism (Brown)
• University of Pennsylvania: Schopenhauer and Nietzsche (Bowman)

Arts:

• University of London, Queen Mary College: Poetic Ideology and Practice in English Romanticism (Hamilton)
• University of Pennsylvania: Kant and the 19th Century: German Aesthetics from Kant to Nietzsche (Bowman)
• University of Washington: Romantic Theory (Halmi)
• The Sublime:
  • Boston College: The Sublime (Richardson)
  • Brown University: On the Sublime (Sng)
  • University of Dundee: Aesthetics of the Sublime (Jones)
  • University of Rhode Island: The Sublime (Jones)

JOURNALS

• BARS Bulletin and Review

• European Romantic Review

• Idealistic Studies

• Internationales Jahrbuch des Deutschen Idealismus

• Prism(s): Essays in Romanticism

• Romanticism

• Romanticism on the Net

• Studies in Romanticism

PHILOSOPHERS / THEORISTS

In Chronological Order:

• 'Longinus' (1st Century CE)

• Edward Young (1683 - 1765) (see also Early Modern Thought)

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778) (see also Early Modern Thought)

• Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) (see also Early Modern Thought)

• Edmund Burke (1729 - 1797) (see also Early Modern Thought)

• Johann Georg Hamann (1730 - 1788) (see also Early Modern Thought)

• Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743 - 1819) (see also Early Modern Thought)

• Johann Gottfried Herder (1744 - 1803) (see also Early Modern Thought)

• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 - 1832)

• William Godwin (1756 - 1836)

• Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757 - 1823)

• William Blake (1757 - 1827)

• Friedrich Schiller (1759 - 1805)

• Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 - 1814)

• Germain Necker de Stael (1766 - 1817)

• Wilhelm Humboldt (1767 - 1835

• August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1767 - 1845)

• Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768 - 1834)

• G. W. F. Hegel (1770 - 1831)

• William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850)

• Novalis [Friedrich Leopold von Hardenberg] (1772 - 1801)

• Friedrich von Schlegel (1772 - 1829)

• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 - 1834)

• Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775 - 1854)

• Heinrich von Kleist (1777 - 1811)

• Georg Anton Friedrich Ast (1778 - 1841)

• Thomas Peacock (1785 - 1866)

• August Philip Böckh (1785 - 1867)

• Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860)

• Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 - 1822)

• John Keats (1795 - 1821)

• Thomas Carlyle (1795 - 1881)

• Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)

• Ludwig Feuerbach (1804 - 1872)

• Johann Gustav Droysen (1808 - 1884)

• Soren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855)

• Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862)

By Nationality:

• Ancient Greek and Hellenistic:

  • 'Longinus' (1st Century CE) (see also Classical Literary Theory)

• Denmark:

  • Soren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855)

• Eire:

• France:

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778) (see also Early Modern Thought)

  • Germain Necker de Stael (1766 - 1817)

• Germany:

  • Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) (see also Early Modern Thought)

  • Johann Georg Hamann (1730 - 1788)

  • Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743 - 1819)

  • Johann Gottfried Herder (1744 - 1803)

  • Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749 - 1832)

  • Friedrich Schiller (1759 - 1805)

  • Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 - 1814)

  • Wilhelm Humboldt (1767 - 1835)

  • August Wilhelm von Schlegel (1767 - 1845)

  • Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768 - 1834)

  • G. W. F. Hegel (1770 - 1831)

  • Novalis [Friedrich Leopold von Hardenberg] (1772 - 1801)

  • Friedrich von Schlegel (1772 - 1829)

  • Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775 - 1854)

  • Georg Anton Friedrich Ast (1778 - 1841)

  • Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775 - 1854)

  • August Philip Böckh (1785 - 1867)

  • Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860)

  • Ludwig Feuerbach (1804 - 1872)

  • Johann Gustav Droysen (1808 - 1884)

• Italy:

• UK:

  • Edward Young (1683 - 1765) (see also Neo-Classical Literary Theory)

  • Edmund Burke (1729 - 1797) (see also Early Modern Thought)

  • William Godwin (1756 - 1836)

  • William Blake (1757 - 1827)

  • William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850)

  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 - 1834)

  • Thomas Peacock (1785 - 1866)

  • Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792 - 1822)

  • John Keats (1795 - 1821)

  • Thomas Carlyle (1795 - 1881)

• USA:

  • Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)

  • Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862)

By School of Thought:

• American Transcendentalists:
  • Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882)
  • Henry David Thoreau (1817 - 1862)
• Proto-Existentialists:
  • Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860)
  • Soren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855)
  • Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)

• German Idealists:

  • Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) (see also Early Modern Thought)

  • Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743 - 1819)

  • Karl Leonhard Reinhold (1757 - 1823)

  • Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 - 1814)

  • G. W. F. Hegel (1770 - 1831)

  • Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775 - 1854)

  • Ludwig Feuerbach (1804 - 1872)

SOURCES: PRIMARY

Off-Line:

• Anthologies:

  • General:

    • Furst, Lilian, ed.  European Romanticism: Self-Definition.  London: Methuen, 1980.

  • Schools of Thought:

    • German Idealism:

      • Behler, Ernst, ed.  Philosophy of German Idealism.  London: Continuum, 1987.

      • Bubner, Rudiger, ed.  German Idealist Philosophy.  Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1997.

      • Di Giovanni, George, and H. S. Harris, eds.  Between Kant and Hegel: Texts in the Development of German Idealism.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1985.  Rev. ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000.

      • Ewing, A. C., ed.  The Idealist Tradition: from Burke to Blanshard.  Glencoe, NY: Free Press, 1957.

      • Stepelevich, Lawrence, ed.  The Young Hegelians: an Anthology.  Cambridge: CUP, 1983.

    • Topics:
      • Arts:
        • German Romanticism:
          • Behler, Ernst, ed.  German Romantic Criticism. 
          • Bernstein, J. M., ed.  Classic and Romantic German Aesthetics.  Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
          • German Aesthetics and Literary Criticism.  3 Vols.  Cambridge: CUP.
            • Winckelmann, Lessing, Hamann, Herder, Schiller, Goethe.  Vol. 3.  Ed. H. B. Nisbet.  1985.
            • Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Schopenhauer, Hegel.  Ed. David Simpson.  1984.

            • The Romantic Ironists and Goethe.  Ed. K. M. Wheeler.  1984.

          • Simpson, David, ed.  The Origins of Modern Critical Thought: German Aesthetic and Literary Criticism from Lessing to Hegel.  Cambridge: CUP, 1988.
          • Willson, A. Leslie, ed.  German Romantic Criticism: Novalis, Schlegel Schleiermacher and Others.  London: Continuum, 1982.

        • British Romanticism:

          • Bromwich, David, ed.  Romantic Critical Essays.  Cambridge: CUP, 1987.
          • Hill, John Spencer, ed.  The Romantic Imagination.   London: Macmillan, 1977.
          • Hoffman, Daniel G., and Samuel Hynes, eds.  English Literary Criticism: Romantic and Victorian.  London: Peter Owen, 1963.
          • Kitson, Peter J., ed.  Romantic Criticism, 1800-1825.  London: Batsford, 1989.

          • The Sublime:

            • Ashfield, Andrew, and Peter de Bolla, eds.  The Sublime: a Reader in British Eighteenth Century Aesthetic Theory.  Cambridge: CUP, 1996.

• Selected Individual Works:

  • General:

    •  

  • Schools of Thought:

    • German Idealism:

      • 1797.

        • Anon.  "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism."  Trans. Diana I. Behler.   Philosophy of German Idealism.  Ed. Ernst Behler.  New York: Continuum, 1987.  161-166.

      • Boehme, Jacob.  Mysterium Pansophicum. 

      • Heine, Heinrich. 

        • On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany, and Other Writings.  Ed. Terry Pinkard.  Trans. Howard Pollack-Milgate.  Cambridge: CUP, 2007.

  • Topics:

    • Arts:

      • German Romanticism:

        • Heine, Heinrich.  "Die Romantische Schule."  1885.  Vol. 8 of Sämtliche Werke.  Ed. Manfred Windfuhr.  1979.

          • "The Romantic School."  Trans. Helen Mustard.  1973.  "The Romantic School" and Other Essays.  Ed. Jost Hermand and Robert Holub.  1985.

        • Holderlin, Friedrich.  Essays and Letters on Theory.  Ed. and trans. Thomas Pfau.  1988.

        • von Kleist, Heinrich.  1910.

          • "On the Marionette Theatre." 

        • von Kleist, Heinrich.  "Über die allmähliche Verfertigung der Gedanken beim Reden."  1805-1808.

          • "On the Gradual Construction of Thoughts while Speaking."  Ed. and trans. David Constantine.  Indianapolis: Hackett, 2004.

      • British Romanticism:

        •  

        • The Sublime:

     

On-Line:

• Archives:

  •  

• Selected Individual Works:

  •  

SOURCES: SECONDARY

Off-Line:

• Anthologies:

  • Socio-Historical Context:

    Pilbeam, Pamela M., ed.  Themes in Modern European History, 1780-1830.  London: Routledge,.

  • General:

    • Ameriks, Karl, and Dieter Sturma, eds.  The Modern Subject: Conceptions of the Self in Classical German Philosophy.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1995.

    • Ferber, Michael, ed.  A Companion to European Romanticism.  Oxford: Blackwell, 2005.

    • Klemm, David E., and Gunter Zoller, eds.  Figuring the Self: Subject, Absolute, and Others in Classical German Philosophy.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.

    • Kompridis, Nikolas, ed.  Philosophical Romanticism.  London: Routledge, 2006.

    • Posner, R., and J. N. Green, eds.  Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology.  2 Vols.  The Hague: Mouton, 1981.

  • Schools of Thought:

    • German Idealism:

      • Ameriks, Karl, ed.   Cambridge Companion to German Idealism.  Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

      • Gersh, Stephen, and Dermot Moran, eds.  Eriugena, Berkeley, and the Idealist Tradition.  Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame  P, 2006.

      • Sandkühler, Hans Jörg, ed.  Handbuch Deutscher Idealismus.  J. B. Metzler, 2005.

      • Solomon, Robert C., and Kathleen M. Higgins, eds.  The Age of German Idealism.  Vol. 6 of Routledge History of Philosophy.  London: Routledge, 1993.

  • Topics:

    • Arts:

      • German Romanticism:

      • British Romanticism:

        • Brown, Marshall, ed.  Romanticism.  Vol. 5 of Cambridge History of Literary Criticism.  Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

        • Hill, John Spencer, ed.  The Romantic Imagination.  London: Macmillan, 1977.
        • The Sublime:
          • Silverman, Hugh, and Gary E. Aylesworth, eds.  The Textual Sublime: Deconstruction and its Differences.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1990.

    • Being:

      •  

    • Communication:

    • Human Nature:

      • Body:

      • Mind:

      • Self:

    • Knowledge:

      •  

    • Morality:

      •  

    • Nature:

      •  

    • Philosophy / Theory:

    • Religion:

      •  

    • Society:

      • Butler, Marilyn, ed.  Burke, Paine, Godwin and the Revolution Controversy.  Cambridge: CUP, 1984.

• Selected Individual Works:

  • Socio-Historical Context:

    • Biddiss, Michael.  "Reason and Romanticism: Currents of Social and Political Thought."  Themes in Modern European History, 1780-1830.  Ed. Pamela M. Pilbeam.  London: Routledge, .  223-247.
    • Doyle, William.  Oxford History of the French Revolution.  1989.

    • Halliday, F. E.  “The Industrial Revolution and Napoleonic War, 1783-1830.”  England: a Concise History.  London: Thames and Hudson, 1964.  153-171.

    • Hobsbawm, Eric.  The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848.  London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962.  Rpt. London: Abacus, 1997.
    • Lefebvre, Georges.  The French Revolution.  2 Vols. 1962–64.

    • McCalman, I.  Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries and Pornographers in London, 1795-1840.  Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.

    • Pilbeam, Pamela M.  "European Society in Revolution."  Themes in Modern European History, 1780-1830.  Ed. Pamela M. Pilbeam.  London: Routledge, .  204-222.
  • General:

    • Ameriks, Karl.  "The Legacy of Idealism in the Philosophy of Feuerbach, Marx, and Kierkegaard."  Cambridge Companion to German Idealism.  Ed. Karl Ameriks.  Cambridge: CUP, 2000.  258-281.

    • Ashton, Rosemary.  "England and Germany."  A Companion to Romanticism.  Ed. Duncan Wu.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.  495-504.

    • Ashton, Rosemary.  The German Idea: Four English Writers and the Reception of German Thought, 1800-1860.  Cambridge: CUP, 1980.  Rpt. London: Libris, 1994. 

    • Beiser, Frederick C.   The Romantic Imperative: the Concept of Early German Romanticism.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2003.

    • Beiser, Frederick C.  Enlightenment, Revolution and Romanticism: the Genesis of Modern Political Thought, 1790-1800.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1992.

    • Berlin, Isaiah.  "The Apotheosis of the Romantic Will: the Revolt Against the Myth of an Ideal World."  1975. 

      • The Proper Study of Mankind: an Anthology of Essays.  Ed. Henry Hardy and Roger Hausheer.  London: Pimlico, 1997.  553-580.

      • The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas.  Ed. Henry Hardy.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1990.  207-237.

    • Berlin, Isaiah.  The Roots of Romanticism.  Mellon Lectures, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, 1965.  Pub. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1999.

    • Berlin, Isaiah.  "The Counter-Enlightenment."  Dictionary of the History of Ideas.  Vol. 2.  Ed. Philip Weiner.  New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1973. 

      • The Proper Study of Mankind: an Anthology of Essays.  Ed. Henry Hardy and Roger Hausheer.  London: Pimlico, 1997.  243-268.

      • Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas.  Ed. Henry Hardy.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1979.  1-24.

    • Berlin, Isaiah.  "Political Ideas in the Romantic Age: their Rise and Influence on Modern Thought."  Mary Flexner Lectures, Bryn Mawr College, 1952.  London: Chatto and Windus, , 2006.

    • Berlin, Isaiah.  "The Essence of Romanticism."

      • The Power of Ideas.  Ed. Henry Hardy.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 2000.  200-204.

    • Berlin, Isaiah.  "The Romantic Revolution: a Crisis in the History of Modern Thought."

      • The Sense of Reality: Studies in Ideas and their History.  Ed. Henry Hardy.  London: Pimlico, 1996.  168-193.

    • Bowie, Andrew.  "Critiques of Idealism I: the Early Romantics to Feuerbach."  Introduction to German Philosophy: from Kant to Habermas.  Cambridge: Polity, 2003.  94-117.

    • Brown, Marshall.  "Romanticism and Enlightenment."  Cambridge Companion to British Romanticism.  Ed. Stuart Curran.  Cambridge: CUP, 1993.  25-47.

    • Cobban, Alfred.  Edmund Burke and the Revolt Against the Eighteenth Century.  London: George Allen and Unwin, 1960. 

      • See excerpt "The Revolt Against the Eighteenth Century."  Romanticism and Consciousness.  Ed. Harold Bloom.  New York: Norton, 1970.  132-146. 

    • Copleston, Frederick C.  Modern Philosophy: from the Post-Kantian Idealists to Marx, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche.  Vol. 7 of A History of Philosophy.  New York: Newman, 1963.
    • Frank, Manfred.  Einfuhrung in die fruhromantische Asthetik.  Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1989.
      • The Philosophical Foundations of Early German Romanticism.  Albany: SUNY Press, 2004.

    • Garrard, Graeme.  Counter-Enlightements: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present.  2006.

    • Hamilton, Paul.  Metaromanticism: Aesthetics, Literature, Theory.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003.

    • Harris, R. W.  Romanticism and the Social Order, 1780-1830.  London: , 1929.

    • Kitson, Peter J.  "Beyond the Enlightenment: the Philosophical, Scientific and Religious Inheritance."  A Companion to Romanticism.  Ed. Duncan Wu.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.  35-47.

    • Krell, David Farrell.  Contagion: Sexuality, Disease, and Death in German Idealism and Romanticism.  Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1998.

    • Lovejoy, A. O.  "On the Discrimination of Romanticisms."  Annual Meeting, Modern Language Association, December 27, 1923.  PMLA 39 (1924): 229-253. 
    • Romanticism: Points of View.  Ed. Robert F. Gleckner and Gerald E. Enscoe.  Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1962.  45-57. 
    • English Romantic Poets: Modern Essays in Criticism.  Ed. M. H. Abrams.  Oxford: OUP, 1960.  3-23.

    • Essays in the History of Ideas.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1948.  228-253.

    • Lovejoy, A. O.  "The Meaning of 'Romantic' in Early German Romanticism."  Modern Language Notes 31 (1916): . 

      • Essays in the History of Ideas.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1948.  183-206.

    • Lowith, Karl.  Von Hegel zu Nietzsche: der revolutionare Bruch im Denken des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.  Zurich: Europa, 1941.

      • From Hegel to Nietzsche: the Revolution in Nineteenth Century Thought.  Trans. David E. Green.  New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, 1964.  Rpt. 1991.

    • McMahon, Darrin M.  Enemies of the Enlightenment: the French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity. 
    • Masseau, Didier.  Les Ennemis des philosophes: l’Antiphilosophie au temps des Lumières.  Paris: Albin Michel, 2000.
    • McMahon, Darrin.  Enemies of the Enlightenment: the French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity.  Oxford: OUP, 2002.

    • Meinecke, Friedrich.  Historicism: the Rise of a New Historical Outlook.  Trans. J. E. Anderson.  New York: Herder & Herder, 1972.

    • Norton, Robert E.  "The Myth of the Counter-Enlightenment."  Journal of the History of Ideas 68 (2007): 635-658.

    • Pinkard, Terry.  German Philosophy, 1760-1860: the Legacy of Idealism.  Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

    • Richards, Robert.  The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2002.

    • Solomon, Robert C.  "Romancing the Self: Fichte, Schelling, Schiller and Romanticism."  Continental Philosophy since 1750: the Rise and Fall of the Self.  Vol. 7 of Oxford History of Philosophy.  Oxford: OUP, 1988.  44-55.

    • Thorslev, Peter.  "German Romantic Idealism."  Cambridge Companion to British Romanticism.  Ed. Stuart Curran.  Cambridge: CUP, 1993.  74-94.

    • West, David.  "Continental Critics of Enlightenment."  An Introduction to Continental Philosophy.  Cambridge: Polity, 1996.  27-34.

  • Schools of Thought:

    • American Transcendentalism:

      • Rose, Anne C.  Transcendentalism as a Social Movement, 1830-1850.  New Haven: Yale UP, 1981.

    • Proto-Existentialism:

      • Lowith, Karl.  From Hegel to Nietzsche: the Revolution in Nineteenth Century Thought.  Trans. David E. Green.  New York: Columbia UP, 1964.  Rpt. 1991.

      • Solomon, Robert C.  From Rationalism to Existentialism.  Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.

      • Solomon, Robert C.  From Hegel to Existentialism.  Oxford: OUP, 1987. 

      • West, David.  "Beyond Theory: Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Existentialism."  An Introduction to Continental Philosophy.  Cambridge: Polity, 1996.  117-153.

    • German Idealism:

      • Beck, Lewis W.  "From Leibniz to Kant."  The Age of German Idealism.  Vol. 6 of The Routledge History of Philosophy.  Ed. Robert Solomon and Kathleen M. Higgins.  London: Routledge, 1993.  5-39.

      • Beiser, Frederick C.   German Idealism: the Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781-1801.  Cambriudge, MA: Harvard UP, 2002.

      • Beiser, Frederick C.  "The Enlightenment and Idealism."  Cambridge Companion to German Idealism.  Ed. Karl Ameriks.  Cambridge: CUP, 2000.  18-36.

      • Beiser, Frederick C.   The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1987.

      • Bowie, Andrew.  "German Idealism: from Fichte to the Early Schelling."  Introduction to German Philosophy: from Kant to Habermas.  Cambridge: Polity, 2003.  58-78.

      • Bubner, Rudiger.  Innovationen des Idealismus.  Gottingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht, 1995.

        • The Innovations of Idealism.  Trans. Nicholas Walker.  Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

      • Copleston, Frederick C.  Modern Philosophy: from the French Enlightenment to Kant.   Vol. 6 of A History of Philosophy.  New York: Newman, 1960.
      • Dudley, Will.  Understanding German Idealism.  Montreal: McGill-Queen's UP, 2007.
      • Edwin, A. C.  Idealism: a Critical Survey.  London: Methuen, 1934.

      • Ewing, A. C.  Idealism: a Critical Survey.  London: Methuen, 1934.

      • Franks, Paul W.  All or Nothing: Systematicity, Transcendental Arguments, and Skepticism in German Idealism.  Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2005.

      • Guyer, Paul.  "Absolute Idealism and the Rejection of Kantian Dualism."  Cambridge Companion to German Idealism.  Ed. Karl Ameriks.  Cambridge: CUP, 2000.  37-56.

      • Henrich, Dieter.  Between Kant and Hegel: Lectures on German Idealism.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2003.

      • Hoernle, R. F. A.  Idealism as a Philosophy.  1927.

      • Kosch, Michelle.  Freedom and Reason in Kant, Schelling and Kierkegaard.  Oxford: OUP, 2006.

      • Mack, Michael.  German Idealism and the Jew: the Inner Anti-Semitism of Philosophy and German Jewish Responses.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003.

      • Pinkard, Terry.  German Philosophy, 1760-1860: the Legacy of Idealism.  Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

      • Solomon, Robert C.  "Romancing the Self: Fichte, Schelling, Schiller and Romanticism."  Continental Philosophy since 1750: the Rise and Fall of the Self.  Vol. 7 of Oxford History of Philosophy.  Oxford: OUP, 1988.  44-55.

  • Topics:

    • Arts:

      • German Romanticism:
        • Abrams, M. H.  The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition.  Oxford: OUP, 1953.

        • Behler, Ernst.  German Romantic Literary Theory.  Cambridge: CUP, 1993.

        • Berman, Russell A.  Between Fontane and Tucholsky: Literary Criticism and the Public Sphere in Imperial Germany.   1983.

        • Bowie, Andrew.  &q