HISTORY

 

ANCIENT THOUGHT (c.700 BCE-300 CE):

bullet

Classical Literature

 

MEDIEVAL THOUGHT (c.300-c.1400):

bullet

Medieval Literature

 

RENAISSANCE THOUGHT (c.1400-c.1600):

bullet

Renaissance Literature

 

EARLY MODERN THOUGHT (c.1600-c.1785):

bullet

Neoclassical Literature

 

NINETEENTH CENTURY THOUGHT:

bullet Romanticism (c.1785-1830):
bullet Romantic Literature
bullet Mid-Century & Fin de Siècle (1830-1900) Thought:
bullet 'Victorian' Literature

 

TWENTIETH CENTURY THOUGHT:

bullet Analytic Philosophy
bullet Continental Theory:
bullet Idealism
bullet Marxism
bullet Phenomenology, Existentialism, Hermeneutics
bullet Psychoanalysis
bullet (Post-)Structuralisms:
bullet Deconstruction
bullet Deleuzean Theory
bullet Dialogism (Bakhtin Circle)
bullet Foucauldian Discourse Theory
bullet Semiology / Structuralism
bullet Structuralist Marxism
bullet Structuralist Psychoanalysis
bullet Feminist Theory
bullet Modernism, Myth & New Criticism
bullet Post-colonial Theory
bullet Pragmatism
 
bullet Twentieth Century Literature

 

REGIONS

 

AFRICAN AND AFRICAN DIASPORIC THOUGHT:

bullet

Literature

 

ASIAN THOUGHT:

bullet Central Asia
bullet East Asian Thought:
bullet Literature
bullet South Asian Thought:
bullet Literature
bullet South-East Asia

 

AUSTRALASIAN THOUGHT:

bullet

Literature

 

CANADIAN THOUGHT:

bullet

Literature

 

CARIBBEAN THOUGHT:

bullet

Literature

 

EUROPEAN THOUGHT:

bullet Central Europe
bullet Eastern Europe:
bullet Russia:
bullet Literature
bullet Northern Europe:
bullet Literature
bullet Southern Europe:
bullet Greece:
bullet Literature
bullet Italy:
bullet Literature
bullet Spain:
bullet Literature
bullet Western Europe:
bullet France:
bullet Literature
bullet Germany:
bullet Literature
bullet UK and Eire:
bullet Literature

 

LATIN AMERICAN THOUGHT:

bullet

Literature

 

MIDDLE EASTERN THOUGHT:

bullet Arabic/Islamic Thought:
bullet Literature
bullet Israeli/Jewish Thought:
bullet Literature

 

USA: AMERICAN THOUGHT:

bullet

Literature

bullet African American Thought:
bullet Literature
bullet Native American Thought

 

TOPICS

 

ARTS:

bullet

Architecture

bullet

Film

bullet

Literature:

bullet

Audience

bullet

Author

bullet

Literary Form & Genre:

bullet

Drama

bullet

Poetry

bullet

Prose

bullet

Literary History, Intertextuality, Canonicity

bullet

Metaliterature

bullet

Representation

bullet

Music

 

BEING

 

COMMUNICATION:

bullet

Linguistics, Philosophy of Language, & Logic

bullet

Rhetoric, Discourse Theory, & Argumentation Theory

 

bullet

Language and Literature

 

EDUCATION

 

HISTORY

 

THE HUMAN BEING (BODY, MIND, SELF):

bullet

Philosophy of Mind & Cognitive Science

bullet

Psychology

 

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Gender

bullet

Race

bullet

Sexuality

 

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Literature, the Mind & the Self

 

KNOWLEDGE

 

METAPHILOSOPHY / METATHEORY

 

MORALITY:

bullet

Morality and Literature

 

NATURE (NATURAL SCIENCES):

bullet

Nature and Literature

 

RELIGION:

bullet

Religion and Literature

 

SOCIETY (SOCIAL SCIENCES):

bullet

Anthropology

bullet

Cultural Studies

bullet

Economics

bullet

Human Geography

bullet

Law

bullet

Politics

bullet

Sociology

 

SPORTS
 

GENERAL

ASSOCIATIONS

CAREERS

CONFERENCES

JOURNALS

PHOTOS

PRIMARY SOURCES

SECONDARY SOURCES

TEACHING AND LEARNING

WWW GATEWAYS

 

 

ROMANTICISM (c.1785 - c.1830)
(AMERICAN TRANSCENDENTALISM / PROTO-EXISTENTIALISM / GERMAN IDEALISM)


SUB-PAGES

Topics:

Feminist:

Post-colonial:


ASSOCIATIONS

CONFERENCES

2009:

  • Breaking Boundaries: 1790s in Germany, Britain and France, Institute for Germanic and Romance Studies, University of London, April 22-24

2008:

  • The Work of Romanticism, International Conference on Romanticism, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, October 16-19
  • Annual Meeting, Society for German Idealism, APA Pacific Division, March 18-23

2007:

2006:

2005:

  • Annual Meeting, Society for German Idealism, APA Pacific Division, March 23-27

2004:

2003:

  • Romantic Border Crossings, International Conference on Romanticism, Laredo, Texas, October 14-17

  • Romantic Cosmopolitanism, 12th Annual Conference, North American Society for Romanticism, University of Colorado, Boulder, September 9-12

  • Romanticism, History, Historicism, Department of English, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, June 18-22

  • Annual Meeting, Society for German Idealism, APA Pacific Division, March 27

2002:

2001:

  •  

2000:

  •  

Annual:

COURSES

American Transcendentalism:

Proto-Existentialism:

Arts:

JOURNALS

PHILOSOPHERS / THEORISTS

In Chronological Order:

By Nationality:

By School of Thought:

SOURCES: PRIMARY

Off-Line:

  • Anthologies:

    • General:

      • Furst, Lilian, ed.  European Romanticism: Self-Definition.  London: Methuen, 1980.

    • Schools of Thought:

      • German Idealism:

        • Behler, Ernst, ed.  Philosophy of German Idealism.  London: Continuum, 1987.

        • Bubner, Rudiger, ed.  German Idealist Philosophy.  Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1997.

        • Di Giovanni, George, and H. S. Harris, eds.  Between Kant and Hegel: Texts in the Development of German Idealism.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1985.  Rev. ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000.

        • Ewing, A. C., ed.  The Idealist Tradition: from Burke to Blanshard.  Glencoe, NY: Free Press, 1957.

        • Stepelevich, Lawrence, ed.  The Young Hegelians: an Anthology.  Cambridge: CUP, 1983.

      • Topics:
        • Arts:
          • German Romanticism:
            • Behler, Ernst, ed.  German Romantic Criticism
            • Bernstein, J. M., ed.  Classic and Romantic German Aesthetics.  Cambridge: CUP, 2002.
            • German Aesthetics and Literary Criticism.  3 Vols.  Cambridge: CUP.
              • Winckelmann, Lessing, Hamann, Herder, Schiller, Goethe.  Vol. 3.  Ed. H. B. Nisbet.  1985.
              • Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Schopenhauer, Hegel.  Ed. David Simpson.  1984.
              • The Romantic Ironists and Goethe.  Ed. K. M. Wheeler.  1984.

            • Simpson, David, ed.  The Origins of Modern Critical Thought: German Aesthetic and Literary Criticism from Lessing to Hegel.  Cambridge: CUP, 1988.
            • Willson, A. Leslie, ed.  German Romantic Criticism: Novalis, Schlegel Schleiermacher and Others.  London: Continuum, 1982.
          • British Romanticism:

            • Bromwich, David, ed.  Romantic Critical Essays.  Cambridge: CUP, 1987.
            • Hill, John Spencer, ed.  The Romantic Imagination.   London: Macmillan, 1977.
            • Hoffman, Daniel G., and Samuel Hynes, eds.  English Literary Criticism: Romantic and Victorian.  London: Peter Owen, 1963.
            • Kitson, Peter J., ed.  Romantic Criticism, 1800-1825.  London: Batsford, 1989.
            • The Sublime:

              • Ashfield, Andrew, and Peter de Bolla, eds.  The Sublime: a Reader in British Eighteenth Century Aesthetic Theory.  Cambridge: CUP, 1996.
  • Selected Individual Works:

    • General:

      •  

    • Schools of Thought:

      • German Idealism:

        • 1797.

          • Anon.  "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism."  Trans. Diana I. Behler.   Philosophy of German Idealism.  Ed. Ernst Behler.  New York: Continuum, 1987.  161-166.

        • Boehme, Jacob.  Mysterium Pansophicum

        • Heine, Heinrich. 

          • On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany, and Other Writings.  Ed. Terry Pinkard.  Trans. Howard Pollack-Milgate.  Cambridge: CUP, 2007.

    • Topics:

      • Arts:

        • German Romanticism:

          • Heine, Heinrich.  "Die Romantische Schule."  1885.  Vol. 8 of Sämtliche Werke.  Ed. Manfred Windfuhr.  1979.

            • "The Romantic School."  Trans. Helen Mustard.  1973.  "The Romantic School" and Other Essays.  Ed. Jost Hermand and Robert Holub.  1985.

          • Holderlin, Friedrich.  Essays and Letters on Theory.  Ed. and trans. Thomas Pfau.  1988.

          • von Kleist, Heinrich.  1910.

            • "On the Marionette Theatre." 

          • von Kleist, Heinrich.  "Über die allmähliche Verfertigung der Gedanken beim Reden."  1805-1808.

            • "On the Gradual Construction of Thoughts while Speaking."  Ed. and trans. David Constantine.  Indianapolis: Hackett, 2004.

        • British Romanticism:

          •  

          • The Sublime:

       

On-Line:

  • Archives:

    •  

  • Selected Individual Works:

    •  

SOURCES: SECONDARY

Off-Line:

  • Anthologies:

    • Socio-Historical Context:

      • Pilbeam, Pamela M., ed.  Themes in Modern European History, 1780-1830.  London: Routledge,.
    • General:

      • Ameriks, Karl, and Dieter Sturma, eds.  The Modern Subject: Conceptions of the Self in Classical German Philosophy.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1995.

      • Ferber, Michael, ed.  A Companion to European Romanticism.  Oxford: Blackwell, 2005.

      • Klemm, David E., and Gunter Zoller, eds.  Figuring the Self: Subject, Absolute, and Others in Classical German Philosophy.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1997.

      • Kompridis, Nikolas, ed.  Philosophical Romanticism.  London: Routledge, 2006.

      • Posner, R., and J. N. Green, eds.  Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology.  2 Vols.  The Hague: Mouton, 1981.

    • Schools of Thought:

      • German Idealism:

        • Ameriks, Karl, ed.   Cambridge Companion to German Idealism.  Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

        • Gersh, Stephen, and Dermot Moran, eds.  Eriugena, Berkeley, and the Idealist Tradition.  Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame  P, 2006.

        • Sandkühler, Hans Jörg, ed.  Handbuch Deutscher Idealismus.  J. B. Metzler, 2005.

        • Solomon, Robert C., and Kathleen M. Higgins, eds.  The Age of German Idealism.  Vol. 6 of Routledge History of Philosophy.  London: Routledge, 1993.

    • Topics:

      • Arts:

        • German Romanticism:

        • British Romanticism:

          • Brown, Marshall, ed.  Romanticism.  Vol. 5 of Cambridge History of Literary Criticism.  Cambridge: CUP, 2000.

          • Hill, John Spencer, ed.  The Romantic Imagination.  London: Macmillan, 1977.
          • The Sublime:
            • Silverman, Hugh, and Gary E. Aylesworth, eds.  The Textual Sublime: Deconstruction and its Differences.  Albany: SUNY Press, 1990.
      • Being:

        •  

      • Communication:

      • Human Nature:

        • Body:

        • Mind:

        • Self:

      • Knowledge:

        •  

      • Morality:

        •  

      • Nature:

        •  

      • Philosophy / Theory:

      • Religion:

        •  

      • Society:

        • Butler, Marilyn, ed.  Burke, Paine, Godwin and the Revolution Controversy.  Cambridge: CUP, 1984.

  • Selected Individual Works:

    • Socio-Historical Context:

      • Biddiss, Michael.  "Reason and Romanticism: Currents of Social and Political Thought."  Themes in Modern European History, 1780-1830.  Ed. Pamela M. Pilbeam.  London: Routledge, .  223-247.
      • Doyle, William.  Oxford History of the French Revolution.  1989.
      • Halliday, F. E.  “The Industrial Revolution and Napoleonic War, 1783-1830.”  England: a Concise History.  London: Thames and Hudson, 1964.  153-171.

      • Hobsbawm, Eric.  The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848.  London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962.  Rpt. London: Abacus, 1997.
      • Lefebvre, Georges.  The French Revolution.  2 Vols. 196264.
      • McCalman, I.  Radical Underworld: Prophets, Revolutionaries and Pornographers in London, 1795-1840.  Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.

      • Pilbeam, Pamela M.  "European Society in Revolution."  Themes in Modern European History, 1780-1830.  Ed. Pamela M. Pilbeam.  London: Routledge, .  204-222.
    • General:
      • Ameriks, Karl.  "The Legacy of Idealism in the Philosophy of Feuerbach, Marx, and Kierkegaard."  Cambridge Companion to German Idealism.  Ed. Karl Ameriks.  Cambridge: CUP, 2000.  258-281.

      • Ashton, Rosemary.  "England and Germany."  A Companion to Romanticism.  Ed. Duncan Wu.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.  495-504.

      • Ashton, Rosemary.  The German Idea: Four English Writers and the Reception of German Thought, 1800-1860.  Cambridge: CUP, 1980.  Rpt. London: Libris, 1994. 

      • Beiser, Frederick C.   The Romantic Imperative: the Concept of Early German Romanticism.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2003.

      • Beiser, Frederick C.  Enlightenment, Revolution and Romanticism: the Genesis of Modern Political Thought, 1790-1800.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1992.

      • Berlin, Isaiah.  "The Apotheosis of the Romantic Will: the Revolt Against the Myth of an Ideal World."  1975. 

        • The Proper Study of Mankind: an Anthology of Essays.  Ed. Henry Hardy and Roger Hausheer.  London: Pimlico, 1997.  553-580.

        • The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas.  Ed. Henry Hardy.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1990.  207-237.

      • Berlin, Isaiah.  The Roots of Romanticism.  Mellon Lectures, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, 1965.  Pub. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1999.

      • Berlin, Isaiah.  "The Counter-Enlightenment."  Dictionary of the History of Ideas.  Vol. 2.  Ed. Philip Weiner.  New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1973. 

        • The Proper Study of Mankind: an Anthology of Essays.  Ed. Henry Hardy and Roger Hausheer.  London: Pimlico, 1997.  243-268.

        • Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas.  Ed. Henry Hardy.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1979.  1-24.

      • Berlin, Isaiah.  "Political Ideas in the Romantic Age: their Rise and Influence on Modern Thought."  Mary Flexner Lectures, Bryn Mawr College, 1952.  London: Chatto and Windus, , 2006.

      • Berlin, Isaiah.  "The Essence of Romanticism."

        • The Power of Ideas.  Ed. Henry Hardy.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 2000.  200-204.

      • Berlin, Isaiah.  "The Romantic Revolution: a Crisis in the History of Modern Thought."

        • The Sense of Reality: Studies in Ideas and their History.  Ed. Henry Hardy.  London: Pimlico, 1996.  168-193.

      • Bowie, Andrew.  "Critiques of Idealism I: the Early Romantics to Feuerbach."  Introduction to German Philosophy: from Kant to Habermas.  Cambridge: Polity, 2003.  94-117.

      • Brown, Marshall.  "Romanticism and Enlightenment."  Cambridge Companion to British Romanticism.  Ed. Stuart Curran.  Cambridge: CUP, 1993.  25-47.
      • Cobban, Alfred.  Edmund Burke and the Revolt Against the Eighteenth Century.  London: George Allen and Unwin, 1960. 

        • See excerpt "The Revolt Against the Eighteenth Century."  Romanticism and Consciousness.  Ed. Harold Bloom.  New York: Norton, 1970.  132-146. 

      • Copleston, Frederick C.  Modern Philosophy: from the Post-Kantian Idealists to Marx, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche.  Vol. 7 of A History of Philosophy.  New York: Newman, 1963.
      • Frank, Manfred.  Einfuhrung in die fruhromantische Asthetik.  Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1989.
        • The Philosophical Foundations of Early German Romanticism.  Albany: SUNY Press, 2004.
      • Garrard, Graeme.  Counter-Enlightements: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present.  2006.

      • Hamilton, Paul.  Metaromanticism: Aesthetics, Literature, Theory.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003.

      • Harris, R. W.  Romanticism and the Social Order, 1780-1830.  London: , 1929.

      • Kitson, Peter J.  "Beyond the Enlightenment: the Philosophical, Scientific and Religious Inheritance."  A Companion to Romanticism.  Ed. Duncan Wu.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.  35-47.

      • Krell, David Farrell.  Contagion: Sexuality, Disease, and Death in German Idealism and Romanticism.  Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1998.

      • Lovejoy, A. O.  "On the Discrimination of Romanticisms."  Annual Meeting, Modern Language Association, December 27, 1923.  PMLA 39 (1924): 229-253. 
        • Romanticism: Points of View.  Ed. Robert F. Gleckner and Gerald E. Enscoe.  Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1962.  45-57. 
        • English Romantic Poets: Modern Essays in Criticism.  Ed. M. H. Abrams.  Oxford: OUP, 1960.  3-23.
        • Essays in the History of Ideas.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1948.  228-253.

      • Lovejoy, A. O.  "The Meaning of 'Romantic' in Early German Romanticism."  Modern Language Notes 31 (1916): . 

        • Essays in the History of Ideas.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1948.  183-206.

      • Lowith, Karl.  Von Hegel zu Nietzsche: der revolutionare Bruch im Denken des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts.  Zurich: Europa, 1941.

        • From Hegel to Nietzsche: the Revolution in Nineteenth Century Thought.  Trans. David E. Green.  New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, 1964.  Rpt. 1991.

      • McMahon, Darrin M.  Enemies of the Enlightenment: the French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity
      • Masseau, Didier.  Les Ennemis des philosophes: l’Antiphilosophie au temps des Lumières.  Paris: Albin Michel, 2000.
      • McMahon, Darrin.  Enemies of the Enlightenment: the French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity.  Oxford: OUP, 2002.
      • Meinecke, Friedrich.  Historicism: the Rise of a New Historical Outlook.  Trans. J. E. Anderson.  New York: Herder & Herder, 1972.

      • Norton, Robert E.  "The Myth of the Counter-Enlightenment."  Journal of the History of Ideas 68 (2007): 635-658.

      • Pinkard, Terry.  German Philosophy, 1760-1860: the Legacy of Idealism.  Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

      • Richards, Robert.  The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2002.

      • Solomon, Robert C.  "Romancing the Self: Fichte, Schelling, Schiller and Romanticism."  Continental Philosophy since 1750: the Rise and Fall of the Self.  Vol. 7 of Oxford History of PhilosophyOxford: OUP, 1988.  44-55.

      • Thorslev, Peter.  "German Romantic Idealism."  Cambridge Companion to British Romanticism.  Ed. Stuart Curran.  Cambridge: CUP, 1993.  74-94.

      • West, David.  "Continental Critics of Enlightenment."  An Introduction to Continental Philosophy.  Cambridge: Polity, 1996.  27-34.

    • Schools of Thought:

      • American Transcendentalism:

        • Rose, Anne C.  Transcendentalism as a Social Movement, 1830-1850.  New Haven: Yale UP, 1981.

      • Proto-Existentialism:

        • Lowith, Karl.  From Hegel to Nietzsche: the Revolution in Nineteenth Century Thought.  Trans. David E. Green.  New York: Columbia UP, 1964.  Rpt. 1991.

        • Solomon, Robert C.  From Rationalism to Existentialism.  Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.

        • Solomon, Robert C.  From Hegel to Existentialism.  Oxford: OUP, 1987. 

        • West, David.  "Beyond Theory: Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Existentialism."  An Introduction to Continental Philosophy.  Cambridge: Polity, 1996.  117-153.

      • German Idealism:

        • Beck, Lewis W.  "From Leibniz to Kant."  The Age of German Idealism.  Vol. 6 of The Routledge History of Philosophy.  Ed. Robert Solomon and Kathleen M. Higgins.  London: Routledge, 1993.  5-39.

        • Beiser, Frederick C.   German Idealism: the Struggle Against Subjectivism, 1781-1801.  Cambriudge, MA: Harvard UP, 2002.

        • Beiser, Frederick C.  "The Enlightenment and Idealism."  Cambridge Companion to German Idealism.  Ed. Karl Ameriks.  Cambridge: CUP, 2000.  18-36.

        • Beiser, Frederick C.   The Fate of Reason: German Philosophy from Kant to Fichte.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1987.

        • Bowie, Andrew.  "German Idealism: from Fichte to the Early Schelling."  Introduction to German Philosophy: from Kant to Habermas.  Cambridge: Polity, 2003.  58-78.

        • Bubner, Rudiger.  Innovationen des Idealismus.  Gottingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht, 1995.

          • The Innovations of Idealism.  Trans. Nicholas Walker.  Cambridge: CUP, 2003.

        • Copleston, Frederick C.  Modern Philosophy: from the French Enlightenment to Kant.   Vol. 6 of A History of Philosophy.  New York: Newman, 1960.
        • Dudley, Will.  Understanding German Idealism.  Montreal: McGill-Queen's UP, 2007.
        • Edwin, A. C.  Idealism: a Critical Survey.  London: Methuen, 1934.
        • Ewing, A. C.  Idealism: a Critical Survey.  London: Methuen, 1934.

        • Franks, Paul W.  All or Nothing: Systematicity, Transcendental Arguments, and Skepticism in German Idealism.  Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2005.

        • Guyer, Paul.  "Absolute Idealism and the Rejection of Kantian Dualism."  Cambridge Companion to German Idealism.  Ed. Karl Ameriks.  Cambridge: CUP, 2000.  37-56.

        • Henrich, Dieter.  Between Kant and Hegel: Lectures on German Idealism.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2003.

        • Hoernle, R. F. A.  Idealism as a Philosophy.  1927.

        • Kosch, Michelle.  Freedom and Reason in Kant, Schelling and Kierkegaard.  Oxford: OUP, 2006.

        • Mack, Michael.  German Idealism and the Jew: the Inner Anti-Semitism of Philosophy and German Jewish Responses.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003.

        • Pinkard, Terry.  German Philosophy, 1760-1860: the Legacy of Idealism.  Cambridge: CUP, 2002.

        • Solomon, Robert C.  "Romancing the Self: Fichte, Schelling, Schiller and Romanticism."  Continental Philosophy since 1750: the Rise and Fall of the Self.  Vol. 7 of Oxford History of PhilosophyOxford: OUP, 1988.  44-55.

    • Topics:

      • Arts:

        • German Romanticism:
          • Abrams, M. H.  The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition.  Oxford: OUP, 1953.
          • Behler, Ernst.  German Romantic Literary Theory.  Cambridge: CUP, 1993.

          • Berman, Russell A.  Between Fontane and Tucholsky: Literary Criticism and the Public Sphere in Imperial Germany.   1983.

          • Bowie, Andrew.  &q