PYRRHONIAN SKEPTICISM

Pyrrhonian skepticism (or Pyrrhonism) was a Greek school of skepticism inspired by Pyrrho in the fourth century BCE, developed by Aenesidemus in the first century BCE and recorded by Sextus Empiricus in the late 2nd century or early 3rd century CE.

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PHILOSOPHERS / THEORISTS

• Pyrrho of Ellis (c.360 BC - c.270 BC)

• Timon of Philius (c.320 - 230 BCE)

• Arcesilaus (c.316 - c.241 BCE)

• Carneades (c.214 – c.129 BCE)

• Aenesidemus (1st Century BCE)

• Agrippa the Sceptic (1st Century CE)

• Sextus Empiricus (2nd or 3rd Century CE)

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SOURCES: PRIMARY

Off-Line:

• Anthologies:

  • Annas, Julia, and Barnes, Jonathan, eds.  The Modes of Scepticism: Ancient Texts and Modern Interpretations.  Cambridge: CUP, 1985.

  • Inwood, Brad, and L. P. Gerson, eds.  Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings.  Indianapolis: Hackett, 1988. 
  • Long, A. A., and D. N. Sedley, eds.  The Hellenistic Philosophers.  2 vols.  Cambridge: CUP.
    • Greek and Latin Texts with Notes and Bibliography.  Vol. 2.  1989.
    • Translations of the Principal Sources with Philosophical Commentary.  Vol. 1.  1987.

• Selected Individual Works:

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On-Line:

SOURCES: SECONDARY

Off-Line:

• Anthologies:

  • Algra, Keimpe, Jonathan Barnes, Jaap Mansfeld and Malcolm Schofield, eds.  Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy. Cambridge: CUP, 1999.
  • Burnyeat, Myles, and Michael Frede, eds.  The Original Sceptics: a Controversy.  Indianapolis: Hackett, 1998.
  • Burnyeat, Myles, ed.  The Skeptical Tradition.  Berkeley: U of California P, 1983.

• Selected Individual Works:

  • Bailey, Alan.  Sextus Empiricus and Pyrrhonean Scepticism. Oxford: Clarendon, 2002.
  • Barnes, Jonathan.  The Toils of Scepticism. Cambridge: CUP, 1990.
  • Brittain, Charles.  Philo of Larissa: the Last of the Academic Sceptics.  Oxford: Clarendon, 2001.
  • Brochard, Victor.  The Greek Skeptics. 
  • Brunschwig, J.  Papers in Hellenistic Philosophy.  Cambridge: CUP, 1994.
  • Burnyeat, Myles. “Can the Sceptic Live His Scepticism?”  Doubt and Dogmatism: Studies in Hellenistic Epistemology.  Ed. Malcolm Schofield, et. al.  Oxford: Clarendon, 1980.  Rpt. in The Skeptical Tradition.  Ed. Burnyeat.  Berkeley: U of California P, 1983, 1983.  Also Rpt. in The Original Sceptics: a Controversy.  Ed. Burnyeat and Frede.  Indianapolis: Hackett, 1998. 
  • DeLacy, Phillip.  “Ou Mallon and the Antecedents of Ancient Scepticism.”  Phronesis 3 (1958).
  • Denyer, N.  Language, Thought and Falsehood in Ancient Greek Thought.  London: RKP, 1991.
  • Fogelin, R. J.  Pyrrhonian Reflections on Knowledge and Justification.  Oxford: OUP, 1994.
  • Fosl, Peter S.  “The Bibliographic Bases of Hume's Understanding of Sextus Empiricus and Pyrrhonism.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 36.2 (1998): .
  • Flintoff, Everard.  “Pyrrho and India.”  Phronesis 25 (1980): 88-108.
  • Frede, Michael.  “The Sceptic's Beliefs.”  Burnyeat and Frede.
  • Frede, Michael.  “The Sceptic's Two Kinds of Assent.”  Burnyeat and Frede.
  • Goodman, L. E. "Skepticism."  Review of Metaphysics 36 (1983): 819-848.
  • Groarke, Leo.  Greek Scepticism: Anti-Realist Trends in Ancient Thought.  Montreal: McGill-Queen's UP, 1990.
  • Hankinson, R.J.  The Sceptics.  London: Routledge, 1995.
  • Hiley, David R.  Philosophy In Question: Essays on a Pyrrhonian Theme.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1988.
  • Long, A. A.  Hellenistic Philosophy: Stoics, Epicureans, Skeptics.  2nd edition.  Berkeley: U of California P, 1986.
  • Martin, M. G. F., et al.  "Post-Aristotelian Philosophy."  Philosophy Study Guide.  London: Aristotelian Society, 1997.  121-124.
  • Mitchell, David.  "Later Ancient Philosophy."  Philosophy 2: Further Through the Subject.  Ed. A. C. Grayling.  Oxford: OUP, 1998.  470-515.
  • Popkin, Richard H.  The History of Scepticism: from Savonarola to Bayle.  Oxford: OUP, 2003.
  • Robin, Leon.  Pyrrhon et le Scepticisme Grec.  Paris: PUF, 1944. 
    • New York: Garland, 1980.
  • Schmitt, Charles B.  Cicero Scepticus: a Study of the Social Influence of the Academica in the Renaissance.  The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974.
  • Schmitt, Charles B.  “The Rediscovery of Ancient Skepticism in Modern Times.”  Burnyeat.
  • Sharples, R. W.  Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics.  London, 1996.
  • Stough, C. L.  Greek Scepticism: a Study in Epistemology.  Berkeley: U of California P, 1969.
  • Striker, Gisela.  “Sceptical Strategies.”  Schofield, et. al.  54-83.
  • Tarrant, H.  Scepticism or Platonism?  The Philosophy of the Fourth Academy.  Cambridge: CUP, 1985.

On-Line:

• Carrier, Richard: Comprehensive Bibliography on Skeptical Thought in the Ancient World

• Groarke, Leo: Ancient Skepticism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

• Suber, Peter: Classical Skepticism

• Thorsrud, Harald: Ancient Greek Skepticism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

• Wikipedia Encyclopedia: Pyrrhonism

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