MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY ('VICTORIAN') AND FIN DE SIECLE THOUGHT
(c.1830 - c.1900)
(INC. POSITIVISM)

SUB-PAGES

Topics:

• Mid-Century ('Victorian') Literature

Feminist:

• 19th Century Feminist Thought / Feminist Perspectives on 19th Century Thought

Post-colonial:

• 19th Century Non-Western Thought / Post-colonial Perspectives on 19th Century Thought

ASSOCIATIONS

• Australasian Victorian Studies Association

• North American Victorian Studies Association (NAVSA)

• Victorians Institute

CONFERENCES

2008:

2007:

• Victorian Secrets, Victorians Institute, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, October 26-28
• Victorian Beginnings, Australasian Victorian Studies Association, University of Western Australia, February 7-11

2006:

• Neo-Victorianism: the Politics and Aesthetics of Appropriation, Centre for Victorian Studies, University of Exeter, September 10-12

2005:

2004:

2003:

• 1830 - 1848: the End of Metaphysics as a Transformation of Culture, Department of Philosophy, University of Antwerp, May 26-27, 2003

• Moving Forward, Looking Back: Thinking about Progress, 1800-1850, Senate House, University of London, April 4-5

2002:

2001:

2000:

Annual:

Seminars:

• Fin de Siècle Seminar, 1870-1920, University of Oxford, October 12, 2006-June 30, 2007

COURSES

• Arts:

  • Boston College: Symbolism and Art Nouveau (Howe)

JOURNALS

• Australasian Victorian Studies Association Journal

• Victorian Review

• Victorian Studies

• Victorians Institute Journal

PHILOSOPHERS / THEORISTS

In Chronological Order:

• Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832)

• James Mill (1773 - 1836)

• Richard Whately (1787 - 1863)

• William Whewell (1794 - 1866)

• Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857)

• Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804 - 1869)

• John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)

• Edgar Allan Poe (1809 - 1849)

• Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

• Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) (see also Marxism)

• John Ruskin (1819 - 1900)

• Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895) (see also Marxism)

• Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

• Charles Baudelaire (1821 - 1867)

• Gustave Flaubert (1821 - 1880)

• Hermann Helmholtz (1821 - 1894)

• Francis Galton (1822 - 1911)

• Matthew Arnold (1822 - 1888)

• Edmond de Goncourt (1822 - 1896)

• Friedrich Max Muller (1823 - 1900)

• Fernand Des Noyers (1828 - 1889)

• Hippolyte Taine (1828 - 1893)

• Leo Tolstoy (1828 - 1910)

• Jules de Goncourt (1830 - 1870)

• Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920)

• Wilhelm Dilthey (1833 - 1911)

• William Dean Howells (1837 - 1920)

• Henry Sidgwick (1838 - 1900)

• Ernst Mach (1838 - 1916)

• Walter Pater (1839 - 1894)

• Charles Sanders Peirce (1839 - 1914) (see also Pragmatism)

• Emile Zola (1840 - 1902)

• Thomas Hardy (1840 - 1928)

• Stéphane Mallarmé (1842 - 1898)

• William James (1842 - 1910) (see also Pragmatism)

• Henry James (1843 - 1916) (see also Pragmatist Literary Theory)

• Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)

• Anatole France (1844 - 1924)

• E. M. De Vogué (1848 - 1910)

• Guy de Maupassant (1850 - 1893)

• Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 – 1909)

• Oscar Wilde (1854 - 1900)

• Joseph Conrad (1857 - 1924)

• John Dewey (1859 - 1952) (see also Pragmatism)

• W. B. Yeats (1865 - 1939) (see also Modernism, Myth Criticism and New Criticism)

• Arthur McDowall ( - )

By Nationality:

• Eire:

  • Oscar Wilde (1854 - 1900)

  • W. B. Yeats (1865 - 1939) (see also Modernism)

• France:

  • Auguste Comte (1798 - 1857)

  • Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804 - 1869)

  • Théophile Gautier (1811 - 1872)

  • Charles Baudelaire (1821 - 1867)

  • Gustave Flaubert (1821 - 1880)

  • Edmond de Goncourt (1822 - 1896)

  • Fernand Des Noyers (1828 - 1889)

  • Hippolyte Taine (1828 - 1893)

  • Jules de Goncourt (1830 - 1870)

  • Emile Zola (1840 - 1902)

  • Stéphane Mallarmé (1842 - 1898)

  • Anatole France (1844 - 1924)

  • E. M. De Vogué (1848 - 1910)

  • Guy de Maupassant (1850 - 1893)

• Germany:

  • Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) (see also Marxism)

  • Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895) (see also Marxism)

  • Hermann Helmholtz (1821 - 1894)

  • Friedrich Max Muller (1823 - 1900)

  • Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920)

  • Wilhelm Dilthey (1833 - 1911)

  • Ernst Mach (1838 - 1916)

  • Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)

  • Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850 – 1909)

• Italy:
• Russia:
  • Leo Tolstoy (1828 - 1910)
• Spain:
• UK:

  • Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832)

  • James Mill (1773 - 1836)

  • Richard Whately (1787 - 1863)

  • William Whewell (1794 - 1866)

  • John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873)

  • Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

  • John Ruskin (1819 - 1900)

  • Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

  • Matthew Arnold (1822 - 1888)

  • Francis Galton (1822 - 1911)

  • Henry Sidgwick (1838 - 1900)

  • Walter Pater (1839 - 1894)

  • Thomas Hardy (1840 - 1928)

  • A. C. Bradley (1851 - 1935) (see also Idealist Literary Theory)

  • Joseph Conrad (1857 - 1924)

  • Arthur McDowall ( - )

• USA:

  • Edgar Allan Poe (1809 - 1849)

  • William Dean Howells (1837 - 1920)

  • William James (1842 - 1910) (see also Pragmatism)

  • Henry James (1843 - 1916) (see also Pragmatist Literary Theory)

SOURCES: PRIMARY

Off-Line:

• Anthologies:

  • Socio-Historical Context:

    • Golby, J. M., ed.  Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890: a Source Book of Contemporary Writings.  Oxford: OUP, 1991.

  • Schools of Thought:

    • Positivism:

  • Topics:

    • Arts:

      • General:
        • Becker, George J., ed.  Documents of Modern Literary Realism.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1963.
      • Mid-Century ('Victorian'):
        • Collins, Thomas J., and Vivienne J. Rundle, eds.  The Broadview of Victorian Poetry and Poetic Theory.  Peterborough: Broadview, 1999.
        • Cunningham, Valentine, ed.  The Victorians: an Anthology of Poetry and Poetics
        . 
        • Hoffman, Daniel G., and Samuel Hynes, eds.  English Literary Criticism: Romantic and Victorian.  London: Peter Owen, 1963.
        • Houghton, Walter, and G. Robert Stange, eds.  Victorian Poetry and Poetics. 
        Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959.

      • Fin de Siecle (Aestheticism / Decadence / Impressionism / Symbolisme):

        • Warner, Eric, and Graham Hough, eds.  Strangeness and Beauty: an Anthology of Aesthetic Criticism, 1848-1910.  2 Vols.  Cambridge: CUP, 1983.

    •  

• Selected Individual Works:

  • General:

  • Schools of Thought:

    • Positivism:

  • Topics:

    • Arts:

      • Mid-Century ('Victorian'):
        • General:
        • Drama:
          • Strindberg, August.  "Naturalism in the Theatre."  
        • Poetry:
          • Hallam, Arthur Henry.  "On Some of the Characteristics of Modern Poetry."  Victorian Poetry and Poetics. 
          Ed. Walter Houghton, and G. Robert Stange.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959.  848-860.
        • Prose Fiction:
          • Balzac, Honoré de.  "Avant-Propos."  La Comédie humaine.  1842.
          • Desnoyers, Ferdinand.  "Du Réalisme."  L'Artiste December 9 (1855): 197-200. 
            • "On Realism."  Documents of Modern Literary Realism.  Ed. George J. Becker.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1963.  80-88.
          • Flaubert, Gustave.  Correspondance.  Paris: , 1926-1933. 
            • See extract entitled "On Realism."  Documents of Modern Literary Realism.  Ed. George J. Becker.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1963.  89-96.
          • Goncourt, Edmond, and Jules de Goncourt.  "Préface."  Germinie Lacerteux.  Paris: Societe des Beaux Arts, 1865.
          • Gosse, Edmund.  "The Limits of Realism in Fiction."  Forum 9 (1890): 391-400. 
            • Documents of Modern Literary Realism.  Ed. George J. Becker.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1963.  383-393.
          • Howells, William Dean.  Criticism and Fiction.  New York: Harper and Brothers, 1891.
          • Lewes, George.  "Realism in Art: Recent German Fiction."  Westminister Review 70 (1858): .

      • Fin de Siecle (Aestheticism / Decadence / Impressionism / Symbolisme):

        • France, Anatole.  1888-1893.

          • "The Adventures of the Soul."  Critical Theory Since Plato.  Ed. Hazard Adams.  New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.  656. 

        • Gautier, Théophile.  Preface to Mademoiselle de Maupin.  1835. 

          • The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism.  Ed. Vincent Leitch.  New York: Norton, 2001.  753-759.

        • Symons, Arthur.  The Symbolist Movement in Literature.  London: Heinemann, 1899.

        • Symons, Arthur.  "The Decadent Movement in Literature."  1893.  First published in London Quarterly Review, January 1918. 

          • Victorian Poetry and Poetics.  Ed. Walter Houghton, and G. Robert Stange.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959.  903-909.

          • Dramatis Personae, 1926. 

  •  

On-Line:

• General:
• Schools of Thought:
  • Positivism:
• Topics:
  • Arts:
    • Mid-Century ('Victorian'):

      • DeQuincey, Thomas: Literature of Knowledge and Literature of Power

    • Fin de Siecle (Aestheticism / Decadence / Impressionism / Symbolisme):

      • Moreas, Jean: Manifeste du Symbolisme

SOURCES: SECONDARY

Off-Line:

• Anthologies:

  • Socio-Historical Context:

    • Waller, Bruce, ed.  Themes in European History, 1830-1890.  London: Routledge, .

  • General:

    • John, Juliet, et al., eds.  Rethinking Victorian Culture. 
    • Levine, George, ed.  The Emergence of Victorian Consciousness.  New York: Free Press, 1967.

  • Schools of Thought:

    • Positivism:

      •  

  • Topics:

    • Arts:

      • General:
        • Kennedy, George A., ed.  Realism, Positivism, and Marxism.  Vol. 6 of Cambridge History of Literary Criticism.  Cambridge: CUP, 2006.
      • Mid-Century ('Victorian'):

      • Fin de Siecle (Aestheticism / Decadence / Impressionism / Symbolisme):

    •  

• Selected Individual Works:

  • Socio-Historical Context:

    • Arata, Stephen.  "1897."  A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture.  Ed. Herbert F. Tucker.  Oxford: Blackwell, .  51-65.
    • Biddis, Michael.  "Progress, Prosperity, and Positivism: Cultural Trends in Mid-Century."  Themes in European History, 1830-1890.  Ed. Bruce Waller.  London: Routledge, .  190-212.

    • Charlton, D. G.  Positivist Thought in France, 1852-1870.  Oxford: OUP, 1959.

    • Halliday, F. E.  "Reform, Free Trade and Prosperity, 1832-1865."  England: a Concise History.  London: Thames and Hudson, 1964.  172-186.
    • Halliday, F. E.  "Gladstone and Disraeli, 1865-1886."  England: a Concise History.  London: Thames and Hudson, 1964.  187-191.
    • Halliday, F. E.  "The Conservatives and Imperialism, 1886-1905."  England: a Concise History.  London: Thames and Hudson, 1964.  192-199.
    • Harrison, Anthony H.  "1848."  A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture.  Ed. Herbert F. Tucker.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.  19-34.
    • Hobsbawm, Eric.  The Age of Capital, 1848-1875.  London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975.  Rpt. London: Abacus, 1997.
    • Hughes, Linda K.  "1870."  A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture.  Ed. Herbert F. Tucker.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.  35-50.
    • Poston, Lawrence.  "1832."  A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture.  Ed. Herbert F. Tucker.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.  3-18. 

    • Turner, Paul.  "The Spirit of the Age."  English Literature, Excluding the Novel, 1832-1890.  1-17.

    • Wilson, A. N.  The Victorians.  New York: Norton, 2004.

  • General:

    • Altick, Richard D.  Victorian People and Ideas: a Companion for the Modern Reader of Victorian Literature.  New York: Norton, 1974.

    • Burrow J. W.  The Crisis of Reason: European Thought, 1848-1914.  New Haven: Yale UP, 2002.

    • Gilmour, Robin.  The Victorian Period: the Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1830-90.  London: Longman, 1993.
    • Hardman, Malcolm.  Six Victorian Thinkers: Carlyle, Ruskin, Taylor, Mill, Newman, Arnold. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1991.
    • Houghton, Walter.  The Victorian Frame of Mind, 1830-1870.  
    Oxford: OUP, 1957.
    • Jay, Elisabeth.  Faith and Doubt in Victorian Britain. 
    • Lucas, John.  England and Englishness. 
    • Marcus, Steven.  The Other Victorians. 

    • Roberts, Adam C.  Victorian Culture and Society: the Essential Glossary.  London: Hodder and Arnold, 2003.

  • Schools of Thought:

    • Positivism:

  • Topics:

    • Arts:

      • Mid-Century ('Victorian'):
        • General:
          • Bristow, Joseph.  "Reforming Victorian Poetry: Poetics after 1832."  Cambridge Companion to Victorian Poetry.   Cambridge: CUP, 2000.  1-24.
          • Christ, Carol.  Victorian and Modern Poetics.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1984.
          • Latané, David E.  "Literary Criticism."  A Companion to Victorian Literature and Culture.  Ed. Herbert F. Tucker.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.  388-404.
          • Wellek, Rene.  A History of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950.  8 Vols.  New Haven: Yale UP.
            • The Later Nineteenth Century.  Vol. 4.  1965.
            • The Age of Transition.  Vol. 3.  1965.
        • Drama:
        • Poetry:
        • Prose Fiction:

      • Fin de Siecle (Aestheticism / Decadence / Impressionism / Symbolisme):

        • Aestheticism:
          • Abrams, M. H.  "Aestheticism."  A Glossary of Literary Terms.  New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, 1993.  3.
          • Dellamora, Richard.  Masculine Desire: the Sexual Politics of Victorian Aestheticism. 
          • Gaunt, William.  The Aesthetic Adventure.  1945.
          • Johnson, R. V.  Aestheticism. 
          • Starkie, Enid.  From Gautier to Eliot: the Influence of France in English Poetry, 1851-1939.
        • Decadence:
          • Baldick, Chris.  "Descents from Decadence: 1890-1918."  Criticism and Literary Theory: 1890 to the Present.  London: Longman, 1996.  20-63.
          • Carter, A. E.   The Idea of Decadence in French Literature, 1830-1900.  1958.
          • Dellamora, Richard.  Masculine Desire: the Sexual Politics of Victorian Aestheticism.  Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1990.
          • Gilman, Richard.  Decadence: the Strange Life of an Epithet.  1979.
          • Praz, Mario.  The Romantic Agony.  1933.
        • Impressionism:
        • Symbolism:
          • Abrams, M. H.  "Symbolist Movement."  A Glossary of Literary Terms.  New York: Holt, Rinehart and Wilson, 1993.  208-210.
          • Adams, Hazard.  "Symbolist Symbolism."  Philosophy of the Literary Symbolic.  Gainesville: UP of Florida, 1983.  117-153.

          • Balakian, Anna E.  The Symbolist Movement: a Critical Appraisal.  New York: Random House, 1967.

          • Boon, James.  From Symbolism to Structuralism.  New York: Harper and Row, 1972.

          • Bowra, C. M.  The Heritage of Symbolism.  London: Macmillan, 1983.

          • Chadwick, Charles.  Symbolism.  London: Methuen, 1971.
          • Chiari, Joseph.  Symbolism from Poe to Mallarmé.  Folcroft, PA: Folcroft Library, 1956.
          • Cornell, Keith.  The Symbolist Movement.  1951.
          • Engelberg, Edward, ed.  The Symbolist Poem.  1967.
          • Harland, Richard.  "Naturalism, Symbolism and Modernism."  Literary Theory from Plato to Barthes.  London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.  96-124.
          • Harris, Wendell V.  "Symbol."  Dictionary of Concepts in Literary Criticism and Theory.  Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992.  398-405.
          • Lehmann, A. G.  The Symbolist Aesthetic in France, 1885-1895.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1968.
          • Olson, Elder.  "A Dialogue on Symbolism."  Critics and Criticism.  Ed. R. S. Crane.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1952.
          • Strelka, Joseph, ed.  Perspectives in Literary Symbolism.  University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1968.
          • Stromberg, Roland, ed.  Realism, Naturalism and Symbolism: Modes of Thought and Expression in Europe, 1848-1914.  New York: Walker, 1968.

    • Communication:

      • Johnson, Nan.  Nineteenth-Century Rhetoric in North America.  Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1991.

      • Kitzhaber, Albert R.  Rhetoric in American Colleges, 1850-1900.  Dallas: Southern Methodist UP, 1990.

On-Line:

• Socio-Historical Context:

  •  

• General:

  • Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Victorian Age

  • Wikipedia Encyclopedia:
    • Category Victorian Era:
      • Victorian Era

      • Victorianism

    • Category Fin de Siècle:
      • Fin de Siècle

• Schools of Thought:

  • Positivism:

    • Simon, Walter: Positivism in Europe to 1900 (Dictionary of the History of Ideas)

• Topics:

  • Arts:

    • Mid-Century ('Victorian'):

      • General:

        • Wikipedia Encyclopedia:

          • Category: Realism:

            • Naturalism

            • Realism

      • Drama:

      • Prose:

        • Brians, Paul: Realism and Naturalism

        • Campbell, Donna:

          • Naturalism in American Literature: Selected Short Bibliography on American Literary Naturalism

          • Realism in American Literature, 1860-1890: American Realism: Selected Bibliography

      • Poetry:

    • Fin de Siecle (Aestheticism / Decadence / Impressionism / Symbolisme):

      • Esch, J.: Decadence, Symbolist, and the Fin de Siecle: a Notebook

      • Laurent, Sabrina: The Decadent Generation Bohème Magazine Online (August 2004)

      • Wikipedia Encyclopedia:

        • Aestheticism

        • Decadence

        • Symbolism

UNIVERSITY PROGRAMMES / RESEARCH CENTRES / RESEARCH PROJECTS

Europe:

• UK:

  • University of Exeter: Centre for Victorian Studies

WWW GATEWAYS

• Socio-Historical Context:

  •  

• General:

  • Victorian Web

• School of Thought:

  • Positivism:

    •  

• Topics:

  • Arts:

    •  

  •  

PHILWEB was last updated: June 24, 2008

PHILWEB is edited by Richard L. W. Clarke

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