(SAUSSUREAN) SEMIOLOGY  / STRUCTURALISM
(INC. COPENHAGEN SCHOOL, MOSCOW LINGUISTIC CIRCLE / ST. PETERSBURG OPOIaZ [RUSSIAN FORMALISM] / MOSCOW-TARTU SCHOOL, PARIS SCHOOL, PRAGUE SCHOOL)

SUB-PAGES

• Definitions

Related Pages:

• Communication:
  • Linguistics, Analytic Philosophy of Language, and Logic
  • Rhetoric, Continental Discourse Theory, and Argumentation Theory
  • Semiotics
• Literary Theory:
  • Prose Fiction (Narratology)

ASSOCIATIONS

Copenhagen School:

• Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen

Moscow Linguistic Circle / St. Petersburg OPOIaZ (Russian Formalism):

• Moscow Linguistic Circle
• OPOIaZ: Obshchestvo Izucheniya Poeticheskogo Yazyka (St. Petersburg Society for the Study of Poetic Language)

Moscow-Tartu School:

Paris School:

Prague School:

• Linguistic Circle of Prague

CONFERENCES

2009:

2008:

2007:

2006:

2005:

2004:

2003:

2002:

2001:

2000:

Annual:

COURSES

General:

Copenhagen School:

Moscow Linguistic Circle / St. Petersburg OPOIaZ (Russian Formalism):

• Harvard University: Russian Formalism (Weir)
• University of Texas, Austin: Russian Formalism (Manouelian)
• West Virginia University: The Formalist Tradition Revisited (McHale)

Moscow-Tartu School:

Paris School:

Prague School:

JOURNALS

General:

Copenhagen School:

Moscow Linguistic Circle / St. Petersburg OPOIaZ (Russian Formalism):

• Russian Poetics in Translation

Moscow-Tartu School:

Paris School:

Prague School:

• Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague [pre-World War II]
• Travaux Linguistique de Prague [post-World War II]

PHILOSOPHERS / THEORISTS

General:

• Ferdinand de Saussure (1857 - 1913)

Copenhagen School:

• Louis Hjelmslev (1899 - 1965)

Moscow Linguistic Circle / St. Petersburg OPOIaZ (Russian Formalism):

• Boris Eichenbaum (1886 - 1959)
• Boris Tomashevsky (1890 - 1957)
• Nikolai Trubetzkoy (1890 - 1938)
• Viktor Shklovsky (1893 - 1984)
• Iurii Tynianov (1894 - 1943)
• Vladimir Propp (1895 - 1970)
• Roman Jakobson (1896 - 1982)
• Sergei Eisenstein (1898 - 1948)

Moscow-Tartu School:

• Juri M. Lotman (1922 - 1993)

• Boris Uspensky (1937 - )

Paris School:

• Antoine Meillet (1866 - 1936)
• Émile Benveniste (1902 - 1976)
• Andre Martinet (1908 - 1999)
• Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908 - ) (see also Culture and Society)

• Jean-Pierre Vernant (1914 - 2007)

• Roland Barthes (1915 - 1980)
• Algirdas Julien Greimas (1917 - 1992)
• Michel Riffaterre (1924 - 2006)
• Claude Bremond (1929 - )

• Pierre Vidal-Naquet (1930 - 2006)

• Gérard Genette (1930 - )

• Marcel Detienne (1935 - )

• Tzvetan Todorov (1939 - )
• Thomas G. Pavel (1941 - )
• Jonathan Culler (1944 - )
• Mieke Bal (1946 - )
• Gerald Prince ( - )

Prague School:

• Nikolai Trubetzkoy (1890-1938)
• Jan Mukarovský (1891 - 1975)
• Roman Jakobson (1896 - 1982)
• René Wellek (1903 - 1995) (see also New Criticism)
• Felix Vodicka ( - )

SOURCES: PRIMARY

Off-Line:

• Anthologies:

  • General:

    • Culler, Jonathan, ed.  Structuralism: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies.  4 Vols.  London: Routledge, 2006.

    • De George, Richard, and Fernande De George, eds.  The Structuralists: from Marx to Lévi-Strauss.  New York: Anchor Doubleday, 1972.
    • Ehrmann, Jacques, ed.  Structuralism.  New York: Anchor, 1966.
    • Lane, Michael, ed.  Introduction to Structuralism.  London: Jonathan Cape, 1970.  Pub. as Structuralism: a Reader.  New York: Basic, 1970.
    • Arts:

      • Culler, Jonathan, ed.  Structuralism: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies.  4 Vols.  London: Routledge, 2006.

      • Macksey, Richard, and Eugenio Donato, eds.  The Structuralist Controversy: the Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1970.

  • Copenhagen School:

  • Moscow Linguistic Circle / St. Petersburg OPOIaZ (Russian Formalism):

    • Bann, Stephen, and John E. Bowlt, eds.  Russian Formalism: a Collection of Articles and Texts in Translation.  Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1973.

    • Lemon, Lee T., and Marion J. Reiss, eds. Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays.  Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1965.

    • Matejka, Ladislav, and Krystyna Pomorska, eds.  Readings in Russian Poetics: Formalist and Structuralist Views.  Intro. by Gerald L. Bruns.  Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1971.  Rpt. Dalkey Archive Press, 2002.

    • O'Toole, L. M., and Anne Shukman, eds.   Formalist Theory.  Oxford: Holdan, 1977.

    • O'Toole, L. M., and Anne Shukman, eds.   Formalism: History, Comparison, Genre.  Oxford: Holdan, 1978.

    • Stempel, W-D., ed.  Texte zur theorie der verses und der poetischen sprache.  Vol. 2. of Texte der russischen formalisten.  Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1972.

    • Striedter, Jurij, ed.  Texte zur allgemeinen literaturtheorie und zur theorie der prosa.  Vol. 1 of Texte der russischen formalisten.  Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1969.

    • Todorov, Tzvetan, ed.  Théorie de la litttérature: Textes des Formalistes Russes.  Paris: Seuil, 1965.

  • Moscow-Tartu School:

    • Baran, Henryk, ed.  Semiotics and Structuralism: Readings from the Soviet Union.  White Plains, NY: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1976.

    • Eimermacher, Karl, ed.  Semiotica Sovietica (1962 - 1973).  2 Vols.  1986.

    • Lucid, Daniel P., ed.  Soviet Semiotics: an Anthology.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1977.

    • Arts:

      • Faccani, Reno, and Umberto Eco, eds.  Semiotica della letteraturea in URSS.  1969.

      • Lucid, Daniel P., ed.  Russian Poetics in Translation. 

        • General Semiotics.  Vol. 3.  1976.

        • Poetry and Prose.  Vol. 2.  1976.

        • Vol. 1. 

      • Soviet Semiotics and Criticism: an Anthology.  New Literary History 9 (1978).

      • Soviet Semiotics of Literature and Culture.  PTL: a Journal for Descriptive Poetics and Theory of Literature 3 (1978).

  • Paris School:

    • Perron, Paul J., and Frank H. Collins, eds.  Paris School Semiotics.  Amsterdam: John Benjamins:

      • Practice.  Vol. 2.  1989.

      • Theory.  Vol. 1.  1988.

    • Arts:

      • Barthes, Roland, ed.  Special Issue on the Structural Analysis of Narrative.  Communications 8 (1966).

      • Chabrol, Claude, ed.  Sémiotique narrative et textuelle.  Paris: Larousse, 1973.

  • Prague School:

    • Steiner, Peter, ed.  The Prague School: Selected Writings, 1929-1946.  Austin: U of Texas P, 1982.

    • Vachek, Josef V.  A Prague School Reader in Linguistics.  Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1964.

    • Arts:

      • Garvin, Paul L., ed.  A Prague School Reader on Esthetics, Literary Structure and Style.  Washington: Georgetown University UP, 1955.  Rpt. 1964.

      • Matejka, Ladislav, and Irwin R. Titunik, eds.  Semiotics of Art: Prague School Contributions.  Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1976.

• Selected Individual Works:

  • General:

  • Copenhagen School:

  • Moscow Linguistic Circle / St. Petersburg OPOIaZ (Russian Formalism):

  • Moscow-Tartu School:

    • Uspensky, Boris.  The Poetics of Composition: Structure of the Poetic Text and the Typology of Compositional Forms.  Berkeley: U of California P, 1983.
    • Uspensky, Boris.  Principles of Structural Typology.  Berlin: Mouton, 1968.

  • Paris School:

    • Adam, Jean-Michel.  L'Analyse des récits.  Paris: Seuil, 1996.

    • Adam, Jean-Michel.  Le Texte narratif.  Paris: Nathan Université, 1985.

    • Coquet, Jean-Claude.  Sémiotique littéraire.  Tours: Mame, 1973.

    • Courtès, Joseph.  Introduction à la sémiotique narrative et discursive: Méthodologie et application.  Paris: Hachette, 1976.

  • Prague School:

    • "Thèses présentées au Premier Congrès des philologues Slaves."  Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 1 (1929): 5-29.  Rpt. in A Prague School Reader in Linguistics.  Ed. Joseph Vachek.  Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1964.  33-58. 

On-Line:

• General:

• Copenhagen School:

• Moscow Linguistic Circle / St. Petersburg OPOIaZ (Russian Formalism):

• Moscow-Tartu School:

• Paris School:

• Prague School:

SOURCES: SECONDARY

Off-Line:

• Anthologies:

  • General:

    • Fekete, John, ed.  The Structural Allegory.  Manchester: Manchester UP, 1984.

    • Izard, M., and P. Smith, eds.  La Fonctionne symbolique.  Paris: , 1979.

      • Between Belief and Transgression: Structuralist Essays in Religion, History and Myth.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1982.

    • Robey, David, ed.  Structuralism: an Introduction.  Oxford: Clarendon, 1973.

    • Rossi, I., ed.  Structural Sociology.  New York: , 1982.

    • Sturrock, John, ed.  Structuralism and Since: from Lévi-Strauss to Derrida.  Oxford: OUP, 1979.

  • Copenhagen School:

  • Moscow Linguistic Circle / St. Petersburg OPOIaZ (Russian Formalism):

  • Moscow-Tartu School:

  • Paris School:

    • Perron, Paul, ed.  Paris School Semiotics.  Toronto Semiotic Circle Publications 3 (1983).

  • Prague School:

    • Matejka, Ladislav, ed.  Sound, Sign, and Meaning: Quinquagenary of the Prague Linguistic Circle.  Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1978.

    • Tobin, Yishai, ed.  The Prague School and its Legacy.  Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1988.

• Selected Individual Works:

  • General:

    • Benoist, Jean-Marie.  La Revolution structurale.  Paris: Grasset, 1976.
      • The Structural Revolution.  London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1978.
    • Boudon, R.  A Quoi sert la notion de structure.  Paris: Gallimard, 1968.
      • The Uses of Structuralism.  London: Heinemann, 1971.

    • Broekman, Jan.  Structuralism: Moscow, Prague, Paris.  Trans. Jan F. Beekman and Brunhilde Helm.  Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1974.

    • Caws, Peter.  Structuralism: the Art of the Intelligible.  Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanity Books, 1988.  Rpt. as Structuralism: a Philosophy for the Human Sciences.  1997.
    • Caws, Peter.  "What is Structuralism?"  Partisan Review 35.1 (1968): 75-91.

    • Clarke, Simon.  Foundations of Structuralism: a Critique of Levi-Strauss and the Structuralist Movement.  Brighton: Harvester, 1972.

    • Coward, Rosalind, and John Ellis.  Language and Materialism: Developments in Semiology and the Theory of the Subject.  London: Routledge, 1977.

    • Culler, Jonathan.  The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction.  London: Routledge, 1981.
    • Culler, Jonathan.  "The Linguistic Foundation."  Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature.  Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1975.  3-31.
    • Culler, Jonathan.  "The Linguistic Basis of Structuralism."  Structuralism: an Introduction.  Ed. David Robey.  Oxford: Clarendon, 1973.
    • Deledalle, Gérard.  Théorie et pratique du signe.  Paris: Payot, 1979.
    • Descombes, Vincent.  "Semiology."  Modern French Philosophy.  Trans. L. Scott-Fox and J. M. Harding.  Cambridge: CUP, 1980.  75-109.
    • Dosse, François.  Le Champ du signe, 1945-1966.  Vol. 1 of Histoire du structuralisme.  2 Vols.  Paris: La Découverte, 1991.
      • The Rising Sign, 1945-1966.  Vol. 1 of History of Structuralism.  2 Vols.  Trans. Deborah Glassman.  Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1997.
    • Eagleton, Terry.  "Structuralism and Semiotics."  Literary Theory: an Introduction.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.  91-126.
    • Eco, Umberto.  "Social Life as a Sign System."  Structuralism: an Introduction.  Ed. David Robey.  Oxford: Clarendon, 1973.  57-72.
    • Gardner, Howard.  The Quest for Mind: Piaget, Lévi-Strauss and the Structuralist Movement.  New York: Knopf, 1973.
    • Greimas, Algirdas Julien, and Joseph Courtès.  Sémiotique: Dictionnaire raisonné de la théorie du langage II.  Paris: Hachette, 1979. 
      • Trans. Semiotics and Language: an Analytical Dictionary.  Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1982.
    • Glucksmann, Miriam.  Structuralist Analysis in Contemporary Social Thought.  London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974.
    • Guiraud, Pierre.  Semiology.  London: Routledge, 1975.
    • Harland, Richard.  Superstructuralism: the Philosophy of Structuralism and Post-Structuralism.  London: Methuen, 1987.  Rpt. Routledge, 1991.
    • Hawkes, Terence.  Structuralism and Semiotics.  London: Methuen, 1977.

    • Jameson, Frederic.  "The Linguistic Model."  The Prison-House of Language: a Critical Account of Structuralism and Russian Formalism.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1972.  3-39.

    • Kurzweil, Edith.  The Age of Structuralism: from Lévi-Strauss to Foucault.  New York: Columbia UP, 1980.  Rpt. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1996.

    • Leach, Edmund.  "Structuralism in Social Anthropology."  Structuralism: an Introduction.  Ed. David Robey.  Oxford: Clarendon, 1973.  37-56.

    • Lepschy, Giulio.  A Survey of Structural Linguistics.  London: André Deutsch, 1970.

    • Lyons, John.  "Structuralism and Linguistics."  Structuralism: an Introduction.  Ed. David Robey.  Oxford: Clarendon, 1973.  5-19.

    • Magliola, Robert.  "Parisian Structuralism Confronts Phenomenology: the Ongoing Debate."  Language and Style 6.4 (1973): 237-248.
    • McCarthy, E. Doyle.  "The Structure of Knowledges: the French Tradition."  Knowledge as Culture: the New Sociology of Knowledge.  London: Routledge, 1996.  47-63.

    • Mepham, John.  "The Structural Sciences and Philosophy."  Structuralism: an Introduction.  Ed. David Robey.  Oxford: Clarendon, 1973.  104-137.

    • Merquior, J. G.  From Prague to Paris: a Critique of Structuralist and Post-Structuralist Thought.  London: Verso, 1986.

    • Mounin, Georges.  Introduction à la sémiologie.  Paris: Minuit, 1970.

    • Pavel, Thomas.  The Feud of Language: a History of Structuralist Thought.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.

    • Petit, Philip.  The Concept of Structuralism.  Berkeley: U of California P, 1976.

    • Piaget, Jean.  Structuralism.  Trans. Chaninah Maschler.  New York: Basic, 1970.

    • Ray, William.  "Structuralism and Semiotics."  Literary Meaning: from Phenomenology to Deconstruction.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1984.  109-149.

    • Robins, R. H.  "Linguistics in the Twentieth Century: First Period."  A Short History of Linguistics.  New York: Longman, 1967.  4th Ed. 1997.  222-259.

    • Rossi, Ino.  The Logic of Culture: Advances in Structural Theory and Methods.  1982.

    • Rowe, John Carlos.  "Structure."  Critical Terms for Literary Studies.  Ed. Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1990.  23-38.

    • Schroeder, William.  "Structuralism."  Continental Philosophy: a Critical Approach.  Oxford: Blackwell, 2005.  243-266.

    • Sebeok, Thomas.  Signs: an Introduction to Semiotics.  Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1979.

    • Silverman, Kaja.  The Subject of Semiotics.  Oxford: OUP, 1983.

    • Sturrock, John.  Structuralism.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1986.  Rpt. 2002.

    • Wilden, Anthony.  System and Structure: Essays in Communication and Exchange.  London: Tavistock, 1972.

    • Arts:

      • Berman, Art.  From the New Criticism to Deconstruction: the Reception of Structuralism and Post-Structuralism.  Chicago: U of Illinois P, 1988.

      • Culler, Jonathan.   The Pursuit of Signs: Semiotics, Literature, Deconstruction.  London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981.
      • Culler, Jonathan.  Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature.  Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1975.
      • Eagleton, Terry.  "Structuralism and Semiotics."  Literary Theory: an Introduction.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.  91-126.
      • Harland, Richard.  "French Structuralism."  Literary Theory from Plato to Barthes.  London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.  219-237.
      • Harland, Richard.  "Saussure."  Literary Theory from Plato to Barthes.  London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.  135-137.
      • Jackson, Leonard.  The Poverty of Structuralism: Literature and Structuralist Theory.  London: Longman, 1991.

      • Jameson, Frederic.  "The Structuralist Projection."  The Prison-House of Language: a Critical Account of Structuralism and Russian Formalism.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1972.  100-216.

      • Jefferson, Ann.  "Structuralism and Post-Structuralism."  Modern Literary Theory: a Comparative Introduction.  Ed. Ann Jefferson and David Robey.  London: Batsford, 1982.  84-112.

      • Leitch, Vincent B.  "Literary Structuralism and Semiotics."  American Literary Criticism from the 30s to the 80s.  New York: Columbia UP, 1988.  238-266.

      • Lentricchia, Frank.  "Uncovering History and the Reader: Structuralism."  After the New Criticism.  Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1980.  102-154.
      • Pavel, Thomas G.  Le Mirage linguistique.  Paris: Minuit, 1988.
        • The Feud of Language: a History of Structuralist Thought.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1990.  Rpt. as The Spell of Language: Poststructuralism and Speculation. 
      • Prince, Gerald.  "Narratology."  Cambridge History of Literary Criticism: from Formalism to Poststructuralism.  Vol. 8.  Ed. Raman Selden. 

      • Ray, William.  "Structuralism and Semiotics."  Literary Meaning: from Phenomenology to Deconstruction.  Oxford: Blackwell, 1984.  109-149.

      • Robey, David.  "Modern Linguistics and the Language of Literature."  Modern Literary Theory: a Comparative Introduction.  Ed. Ann Jefferson and David Robey.  London: Batsford, 1982.  38-64.

      • Scholes, Robert.  Protocols of Reading.  New Haven: Yale UP, 1989.
      • Scholes, Robert.  Semiotics and Interpretation.  New Haven: Yale UP, 1982.

      • Scholes, Robert.  Structuralism in Literature: an Introduction.  New Haven: Yale UP, 1974.

      • Scholes, Robert.  "Towards a Semiotics of Literature."  What is Literature?  Ed. Paul Hernadi.  Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1978.  231-250.

      • Scholes, Robert, and Robert Kellogg.  The Nature of Narrative.  Oxford: OUP, 1966.

      • Selden, Raman.  "Structuralist Theories."  A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory.  Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1989.  51-69.

      • Tallis, Raymond.  Not Saussure: a Critique of Post-Saussurean Literary Theory.  New York: St. Martin's, 1995.

      • Tyson, Lois.  "Structuralist Criticism."
       Critical Theory Today.  New York: Garland, 1999.  197-240.
  • Copenhagen School:

  • Moscow Linguistic Circle / St. Petersburg OPOIaZ (Russian Formalism):

    • Bennett, Tony.  Formalism and Marxism.  London: Routledge, 1989.

    • Erlich, Victor.  Russian Formalism: History--Doctrine.  The Hague: Mouton, 1955.

    • Hansen-Love, Aage A.  Der russiche formalismus.  Vienna: Verlag der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenchaften, 1978.  

    • Harland, Richard.  "20th Century Russian Theory."  Literary Theory from Plato to Barthes.  London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999.  146-165.
    • Hawkes, Terence.  "Russian Formalism: the Knight's Move."  Structuralism and Semiotics.  London: Methuen, 1977.
     59-72.

    • Jackson, Robert Louis, and Stephen Rudy, eds.  Russian Formalism: a Retrospective Glance.  Columbus, OH: Slavica, 1985.

    • Jameson, Frederic.  "The Formalist Projection."  The Prison-House of Language: a Critical Account of Structuralism and Russian Formalism.  Princeton: Princeton UP, 1972.  43-98.

    • Jefferson, Ann.  "Russian Formalism."  Modern Literary Theory: a Comparative Introduction.  Ed. Ann Jefferson and David Robey.  London: Batsford, 1982.  16-37.

    • Medvedev, P. N.  1928.

      • The Formal Method in Literary Scholarship: a Critical Introduction to Sociological Poetics.  Trans. A. J. Wehrle.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1978.

    • Pomorska, Krystyna.  

      • "Russian Formalism in Retrospect."  Readings in Russian Poetics: Formalist and Structuralist Views.  Ed. Ladislav Matejka and Krystyna Pomorska.  Intro. by Gerald L. Bruns.  Cambridge, Mass.: MIT P, 1971.  273-280.

      • Russian Formalist Theory and its Poetic Ambience.  The Hague: Mouton, 1968.

    • Selden, Raman.  "Russian Formalism."  A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory.  Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1989.  7-23.

    • Selden, Raman.  "Russian Formalism and Marxism: an Unconcluded Dialogue."  Literature, Society and the Sociology of Literature.  Ed. Francis barker, et al.  Colchester: University of Essex, 1977.  93-104.

    • Steiner, Peter.  Russian Formalism: a Metapoetics.  Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1984.

    • Striedter, Jurij.  Literary Structure, Evolution and Value: Russian Formalism and Czech Structuralism Reconsidered.  Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1989.

    • Striedter, Jurij.  "The Russian Formalist Theory of Literary Evolution."  PTL 3.1 (1978): 1-24.

    • Striedter, Jurij.  "The Russian Formalist Theory of Prose." PTL 2.3 (1977): 429-70.

    • Thompson, Ewa M.  Russian Formalism and Anglo-American New Criticism.  The Hague: Mouton, 1971.

    • Trotsky, Leon.  "The Formalist School of Poetry and Marxism."  Literature and Revolution.  London: Redwords, 1971. 

    • Wellek, René.  "Russian Formalism."  Arcadia 6 (1971): 175-186. 
      • The Attack on Literature and Other Essays.  Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1982.  119-134.

  • Moscow-Tartu School:

    • Broms, Henri, and Rebecca Kaufman.  Semiotics of Culture.  1988.

    • Rudy, Stephen.  "Semiotics in the USSR."  The Semiotic Sphere.  Ed. Thomas Sebeok and Jean Umiker-Sebeok.  Plenum 1986.

    • Scheffcyzyk, A.  "Moscow-Tartu School."  Vol. I. of Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics.  3 Vols.  Ed. Thomas Sebeok.  Berlin: Moutarde Gruyter, 1986.

    • Segal, Dimitri.  Aspects of Structuralism in Soviet Philology.  1974.

    • Seyffert, Peter.  Soviet Literary Structuralism: Background -- Debate -- Issues.  Columbus, OH: Slavica, 1983.

  • Paris School:

    • Coquet, Jean-Claude, et al.  Sémiotique: L'école de Paris.  Paris: Hachette, 1982.
  • Prague School:

    • Dolezel, L., and J. Kraus.  "Prague School Stylistics."  Current Trends in Stylistics.  Ed. D. B. Kachru and H. F. Stahlke.  Edmonton: , 1972.

    • Galan, F. W.  Historical Structures: the Prague School Project, 1928-1946.  Austin: U of Texas P, 1985.

    • Merquior, J. G.  "The Prague Crossroad: Between Formalism and Socio-Semiotics."  From Prague to Paris: a Critique of Structuralist and Post-Structuralist Thought.  London: Verso, 1986.  19-35.

    • Sampson, Geoffrey.  "Functional Linguistics: the Prague School."  Schools of Linguistics.  Stanford: Stanford UP, 1980.  103-129.

    • Steiner, Peter.  "The Conceptual Basis of Prague Structuralism."  Sound, Sign, and Meaning: Quinquagenary of the Prague Linguistic Circle.  Ed. Ladislav Matejka.  Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1978.

    • Striedter, Jurij.  Literary Structure, Evolution and Value: Russian Formalism and Czech Structuralism Reconsidered.  Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1989.

    • Sus, O.  "On the Genetic Preconditions of Czech Structuralist Thought: an Essay on Czech and German Thought."  Poetics 4 (1975).

    • Vachek, Joseph.  The Linguistic School of Prague: an Introduction to its Theory and Practice.  Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1966.

    • Wellek, René.  The Literary Theory and Aesthetics of the Prague School.  Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1969.  Rpt. in Discriminations: Further Concepts of Criticism.  New Haven: Yale UP, 1970.  275-303. 

    • Wellek, René.  "The Revolt Against Positivism in Recent European Literary Scholarship."  Twentieth Century English.  Ed. W. S. Knickerbocker.  New York: Philosphical Library, 1946.  67-89.  Rpt. in Concepts of Criticism.  256-281.
    • Wellek, René.  "Theory of Literary History."  Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 6 (1936): 173-191.  Rpt. in Theory of Literature.  252-269.

    • Winner, Thomas G.  "The Aesthetics and Poetics of the Prague Linguistic Circle."  Poetics 8 (1973): .

On-Line:

• General:

  • Glazer, Michael: Structuralism

  • Henderson, Greig E., and Christopher Brown: Structuralism

  • Klages, Mary: Structuralism / Poststructuralism

  • Maley, Willy: Structuralism and Post-Structuralism

  • Percival, Keith: Nineteenth-Century Origins of 20th Century Structuralism

  • Phillips, John William: Structuralism and Semiotics

  • Quigley, T. R.: Structuralism and Poststructuralism

  • Wikipedia Encyclopedia:

    • Structuralism

    • Structural Anthropology:

      • Alliance Theory

      • Structural Functionalism

  • Arts:

    • Felluga, Dino: Introduction to Narratology

    • Lye, John: Some Elements of Structuralism and its Application to Literary Theory

    • Pateman, Trevor: Structuralism and Narrative

    • Prince, Gerald: Narratology (Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism)

    • Sprinker, Michael: From Prague to Paris: Formalism as a Method in Literary Study

    • Surdulescu, Radu: Structuralism, Semiotics, Narratology:

      • The Semiotic Analysis of the Literary Text

      • Pre-Structuralist and Structuralist Narratology

      • Structuralist Poetics

    • Wikipedia Encyclopedia:

      • Semiotic Literary Criticism

      • Structuralist Film Theory

      • Category Narratology:

        • Narrative

        • Narrative Structure

        • Narratology

• Copenhagen School:

  • Wikipedia Encyclopedia: Copenhagen Linguistic Circle

• Moscow Linguistic Circle / St. Petersburg OPOIaZ (Russian Formalism):

  • University of Essex: Russian Formalism

  • Everard, Jerry: Introduction to Russian Formalism

  • Holcombe, C. John: Formalism: Russian and Prague Schools

  • McCauley, Karen A.: Russian Formalism (Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism)

  • Surdulescu, Radu: Russian Formalism: the Systemic Nature of Literariness

  • Trotsky, Leon: Literature and Revolution: The Formalist School Of Poetry And Marxism

  • Wikipedia Encyclopedia: Russian Formalism

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  • Dolezel, Lubomir: Prague School Structuralism (Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism)

  • Wikipedia Encyclopedia: Prague Linguistic Circle (Cercle Linguistique de Prague)

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